| 长江生态考核指标: 基于被动声学监测的长江江豚数量 |
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| 引用本文： | 王克雄,王志陶,梅志刚,郑劲松,郝玉江,韩祎,段鹏翔,陈宇维,杨依宁,邱建松,范飞,邓晓君,王丁. 长江生态考核指标: 基于被动声学监测的长江江豚数量[J]. 水生生物学报, 2021, 45(6): 1390-1395. DOI: 10.7541/2021.2021.0263 |
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| 作者姓名： | 王克雄 王志陶 梅志刚 郑劲松 郝玉江 韩祎 段鹏翔 陈宇维 杨依宁 邱建松 范飞 邓晓君 王丁 |
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| 摘 要： | 长江是复杂的生态系统, 但是随着长江生态环境的持续变化, 尤其是人类扰动所致的变化, 长江中的几种极其重要的大型物种先后因此而走向“灭绝”, 或“极可能灭绝”, 或“极度濒危”, 因此在现阶段有必要以现存于长江中的大型物种的生存状况为核心, 建立一项新的生态考核指标, 以综合表征长江生态系统的健康状况和生物多样性的完整性, 为“十年禁捕”和《长江保护法》的顺利实施提供科技支持。长江江豚(Neophocaena asiaeorientalis asiaeorientalis)仅分布于长江中下游及洞庭湖、鄱阳湖, 是长江中极可能仅存的大型水生哺乳动物, 多年来一直受到社会各界的高度关注, 已成为长江“明星”物种。长江江豚种群分布和数量的变化与长江生态环境和鱼类资源的变化密切相关, 具有综合表征生态环境质量和生物多样性及其变化的基本属性。在复杂的水下声环境中, 长江江豚的声纳信号具有独特的时频特征, 具有较强的可监测性和可量化特征, 并且已被广泛应用于长江江豚的被动声学监测、实时识别和群体估算。同时, 在自然水域对长江江豚进行被动声学监测是一项方便和高效的工作。在沿江和沿湖设置一些样地水域, 布置水下声学仪器, 开展长期被动声学监测, 不但可以掌握长江江豚的分布规律、群体规模及其变化, 而且可以为定量分析样地水域生态环境质量和鱼类等水生生物的丰度提供可信的依据, 继而可以为定量评价所监测水域人类活动对生态环境及水生生物扰动提供长期数据支撑。因此, 基于被动声学监测的长江江豚种群数量, 可作为一项重要的生态考核指标, 用于定量评价长江生态环境质量和水生生物多样性及其在时间和空间上的变化, 并用于考核相关保护工作的落实情况和实际的保护效果。
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| 关 键 词： | 长江江豚 长江生态考核指标 声纳信号 被动声学监测 生态环境质量 鱼类资源 水生生物多样性 人类活动扰动 |
| 收稿时间： | 2021-10-10 |
ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT INDICATOR OF THE YANGTZE RIVER: PASSIVE ACOUSTIC MONITORING BASED POPULATION SIZE OF THE YANGTZE FINLESS PORPOISE |
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| Abstract: | As a complicate ecosystem, the Yangtze River includes numerous organisms and their habitats, as well as the complex relationships among the organisms and between organisms and the natural environment. Under both natural effects and human influences, the stability and variability of the river ecosystem has been extensively concerned. So far, there have been some single or compound indicators, with certain pertinence and universality, used to characterize the eco-environment quality and biodiversity level of the river. But as the eco-environment of the river is constantly changing, especially caused by the human disturbance, several large species in the river have been “extinction”, or “most likely extinction”, or “critically endangered”, therefore, at this stage, it is necessary to establish a new ecological assessment indicator based mainly on the survival conditions of existing large species in the river. The new indicator will be used to comprehensively characterize the health status and biodiversity integrity of the river ecosystem, and to provide scientific and technological support for the well implementation of the “10-year fishing ban” and the “Yangtze River Protection Law”. The Yangtze finless porpoise (Neophocaena asiaeorientalis asiaeorientalis) only distributes in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, Dongting and Poyang Lakes, and likely, has been the only aquatic mammal in the river. Over the years, the porpoise has received high attention from all walks of life and has become a “star” species in the river. The changes of porpoise population distribution and size are closely related to the changes of eco-environment and fish resources in the river, which have the basic attributes of comprehensively representing the eco-environmental quality, fish resources, biodiversity and their changes. In the complex underwater acoustic environment, the sonar signals of the porpoise have distinct time-frequency characteristics and are easily detectable and quantifiable. The sonar signals have been widely used for passive acoustic monitoring and real-time identification, as well as group size estimation of the porpoise in the wild. Meanwhile, the employment of the passive acoustic monitoring for detection of the porpoises in the wild is convenient and highly efficient, and even for non-professionals with short term training. Long-term employment of underwater passive acoustic monitoring in sample sites along the river and in the lakes can detect the occurrence of the porpoise, group size and their changes. The detection results can be used not only for quantitative analysis of eco-environmental quality, fish resources and aquatic biodiversity in the sample sites, but also for quantitative evaluation of the anthropogenic disturbance to the eco-environment and aquatic biodiversity. Therefore, the population distribution and size of the porpoise based on passive acoustic monitoring can be employed as an important ecological assessment indicator to evaluate the eco-environmental quality and aquatic biodiversity, as well as their temporal-spatial changes along the river and in the lakes. Meanwhile, the indicator could be used to evaluate the implementation of relevant protection work and the actual protection effect. |
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