R-Ras regulates exocytosis by Rgl2/Rlf-mediated activation of RalA on endosomes |
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| Authors: | Takaya Akiyuki Kamio Takahiro Masuda Michitaka Mochizuki Naoki Sawa Hirofumi Sato Mami Nagashima Kazuo Mizutani Akiko Matsuno Akira Kiyokawa Etsuko Matsuda Michiyuki |
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| Affiliation: | Department of Signal Transduction, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Yamadaoka, Osaka 565-0871, Japan. |
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| Abstract: | R-Ras is a Ras-family small GTPase that regulates various cellular functions such as apoptosis and cell adhesion. Here, we demonstrate a role of R-Ras in exocytosis. By the use of specific anti-R-Ras antibody, we found that R-Ras was enriched on both early and recycling endosomes in a wide range of cell lines. Using a fluorescence resonance energy transfer-based probe for R-Ras activity, R-Ras activity was found to be higher on endosomes than on the plasma membrane. This high R-Ras activity on the endosomes correlated with the accumulation of an R-Ras effector, the Rgl2/Rlf guanine nucleotide exchange factor for RalA, and also with high RalA activity. The essential role played by R-Ras in inducing high levels of RalA activity on the endosomes was evidenced by the short hairpin RNA (shRNA)-mediated suppression of R-Ras and by the expression of R-Ras GAP. In agreement with the reported role of RalA in exocytosis, the shRNA of either R-Ras or RalA was found to suppress calcium-triggered exocytosis in PC12 pheochromocytoma cells. These data revealed that R-Ras activates RalA on endosomes and that it thereby positively regulates exocytosis. |
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