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Phylogeography of Y-chromosome haplogroup I reveals distinct domains of prehistoric gene flow in europe |
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| Authors: | Rootsi Siiri Magri Chiara Kivisild Toomas Benuzzi Giorgia Help Hela Bermisheva Marina Kutuev Ildus Barać Lovorka Pericić Marijana Balanovsky Oleg Pshenichnov Andrey Dion Daniel Grobei Monica Zhivotovsky Lev A Battaglia Vincenza Achilli Alessandro Al-Zahery Nadia Parik Jüri King Roy Cinnioğlu Cengiz Khusnutdinova Elsa Rudan Pavao Balanovska Elena Scheffrahn Wolfgang Simonescu Maya Brehm Antonio Goncalves Rita Rosa Alexandra Moisan Jean-Paul Chaventre Andre Ferak Vladimir Füredi Sandor Oefner Peter J Shen Peidong Beckman Lars Mikerezi Ilia Terzić Rifet Primorac Dragan Cambon-Thomsen Anne |
| Affiliation: | 1 Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Tartu and Estonian Biocentre, Tartu, Estonia 2 Dipartimento di Genetica e Microbiologia, Università di Pavia, Pavia, Italy 3 Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa 4 Institute for Anthropological Research, Zagreb, Croatia 5 Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow 6 N. I. Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 7 Institute of Anthropology, University of Zurich-Irchel, Zurich 8 Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology “Nicolae Simionescu,” Bucharest, Romania 9 Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford 10 Human Genetics Laboratory, Center of Macaronesian Studies, University of Madeira, Madeira, Portugal 11 Laboratoire d'Etude du Polymorphisme de l'ADN, Faculté de Médecine, Nantes, France 12 Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia 13 Institute of Forensic Sciences, Budapest 14 Stanford DNA Sequencing and Technology Center, Palo Alto 15 Gotland University, Visby, Sweden 16 Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Tirana University, Tirana, Albania 17 Department of Biology and Genetics, Medical School Tuzla, Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina 18 Medical School at Split University, Split, Croatia 19 Medical School at Osijek University, Osijek, Croatia 20 Inserm U 558, Epidemiologie et Analyses en Santé Publique: Risques, Maladies Chroniques et Handicaps, Faculte de Medecine, Toulouse, France 21 Medical Academy of Latvia, Riga, Latvia |
| Abstract: | To investigate which aspects of contemporary human Y-chromosome variation in Europe are characteristic of primary colonization, late-glacial expansions from refuge areas, Neolithic dispersals, or more recent events of gene flow, we have analyzed, in detail, haplogroup I (Hg I), the only major clade of the Y phylogeny that is widespread over Europe but virtually absent elsewhere. The analysis of 1,104 Hg I Y chromosomes, which were identified in the survey of 7,574 males from 60 population samples, revealed several subclades with distinct geographic distributions. Subclade I1a accounts for most of Hg I in Scandinavia, with a rapidly decreasing frequency toward both the East European Plain and the Atlantic fringe, but microsatellite diversity reveals that France could be the source region of the early spread of both I1a and the less common I1c. Also, I1b*, which extends from the eastern Adriatic to eastern Europe and declines noticeably toward the southern Balkans and abruptly toward the periphery of northern Italy, probably diffused after the Last Glacial Maximum from a homeland in eastern Europe or the Balkans. In contrast, I1b2 most likely arose in southern France/Iberia. Similarly to the other subclades, it underwent a postglacial expansion and marked the human colonization of Sardinia ~9,000 years ago. |
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