| 中国古人类颅容量的推算方法比较 |
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| 引用本文： | 吴秀杰,张伟. 中国古人类颅容量的推算方法比较[J]. 人类学学报, 2019, 38(4): 513-524. DOI: 10.16359/j.cnki.cn11-1963/q.2019.0061 |
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| 作者姓名： | 吴秀杰 张伟 |
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| 作者单位： | 1. 中国科学院脊椎动物演化与人类起源重点实验室,中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所,北京 1000442. 中国科学院生物演化与环境卓越创新中心, 北京 100044 |
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| 基金项目： | 中国科学院战略性先导科技专项(XDB26000000);中国科学院创新交叉团队(2016);国家自然科学基金项目(41672020);国家自然科学基金项目(41630102) |
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| 摘 要： | 古人类的体质特征和现代人不同,依据现代人头骨测量数据计算出来的公式往往不适于古人类颅容量的推算。获取古人类颅容量最准确的方法是复原出其内部的颅内模;然而,由于颅内模的复原工艺复杂,加上古人类头骨化石数量稀少且多数残破,如何准确地推算其颅容量,成为古人学者研究的难点问题之一。本文通过对中国境内发现的不同演化阶段的古人类颅容量推算方法的对比和验证,试图找出推算古人类颅容量的最适合的公式法。研究结果显示：1）早期现代人解剖特征同现代人基本接近,依据现代人头骨推算出来的回归方程可以用来推算其颅容量;2）直立人头骨厚重、脑颅低矮,体质特征不同于现代人,其颅容量的推算不能使用现代人公式法。依据本文中国直立人头骨测量数据推导出来的回程方程（C=-1301.944+60606L+0.718b+9.936h）适合其颅容量的推算。采用此直立人公式法,推算出蓝田直立人的颅容量为918 mL;3）古老型智人的体质特征位于直立人和现代人之间,对其颅容量的推算不能一概而论：体质特征接近直立人的,如大荔人、华龙洞6号,可采用直立人公式法;体质特征接近早期现代人的,如许昌1号,可采用现代人公式法;体质特征位于直立人和早期现代人中间位置的,如马坝人、金牛山人,其颅容量约等于采用现代人公式法和采用直立人公式法获得的颅容量的平均值。
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| 关 键 词： | 颅容量 公式法 现代人 直立人 古老型智人 颅内模 |
| 收稿时间： | 2019-06-04 |
Methods for estimating cranial capacity from Chinese human fossils |
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| WU Xiujie,ZHANG Wei. Methods for estimating cranial capacity from Chinese human fossils[J]. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 2019, 38(4): 513-524. DOI: 10.16359/j.cnki.cn11-1963/q.2019.0061 |
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| Authors: | WU Xiujie ZHANG Wei |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origin of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 1000442. CAS Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Beijing 100044 |
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| Abstract: | Ancient human skulls exhibit anatomical and morphological differences from modern skulls that depend on the evolutionary stage of the fossil under study. Thus, formulae derived using modern human skull measurements are mostly unsuitable for calculating cranial capacities from ancient human fossils. The most accurate way to estimate cranial capacities of human fossil skulls is through internal cranial vault reconstructions; However, due to the complex reconstruction process of endocranial casts, as well as the rare and almost never fully intact fossil skulls, prompting an intense search by paleoanthropologists for better methods for estimating ancient human values. Here, cranial capacity methods for their estimation from Chinese human fossils were compared and analyzed, with the following results: 1) Anatomical features of early modern humans and modern humans are basically similar. Thus, the regression equation derived using modern human skull measurements to estimate cranial capacity applies to early modern human fossils; 2) Homo erectus’ thick skull and low cranium differ markedly from corresponding modern human features. Therefore, instead of the modern human formula, the regression equation derived here from Chinese Homo erectus skull measurements, C=-1301.944+60606L+0.718b+9.936h, should be used to calculate Homo erectus cranial capacity. Using this formula, the cranial capacity of the Lantian Homo erectus was estimated to be 918 mL, as compared to the previous estimate of 778 mL; 3) Physical features of archaic Homo sapiens, which lie somewhere between those of Homo erectus and early modern humans, vary markedly from these extremes; therefore their cranial capacities cannot be estimated using a single formula. For example, cranial capacities of archaic human fossils Dali and Hualongdong 6, which exhibit physical characteristics more closely resembling those of Homo erectus than those of early modern humans, are best calculated using the Homo erectus formula. Conversely, cranial capacities of archaic human fossils possessing physical characteristics closer to early modern humans than to Homo erectus, such as Xuchang 1, should be estimated using the modern human formula. In yet a third scenario, cranial capacities of fossils exhibiting physical characteristics between those of Homo erectus and early modern humans, such as Maba and Jinniushan, should be calculated using averages of values obtained using both modern human and Homo erectus formulae. |
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| Keywords: | Cranial capacity Formulae Modern human Homo erectus Archaic Homo sapiens Endocast |
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