鼎湖山的鸟类与考察研究历史

鼎湖山作为中国大陆第一个自然保护区,保存有完整的南亚热带季风常绿阔叶林,是华南生物多样性热点区域。保护区鸟类资源丰富,但历史研究资料较为零散,至今没有完整的鸟类编目。本文通过系统整理1913至2019年发表的文献,分析了保护区鸟类资源的变化情况以及受胁因素。区内共记录鸟类17目64科267种,其中国家重点保护鸟类45种。区系组成以东洋界种类占优,占繁殖鸟类总数的78.48%。居留型方面,迁徙鸟有144种,留鸟118种,另有5种鸟类在鼎湖山既有迁徙也有定居。文献资料显示,保护区的鸟类学研究涉及种群、群落、行为及繁殖等,以白鹇(Lophura nycthemera)的种群生态学以及不同植被演替序列中鸟类群落研究较为深入。对比历史鸟类编目信息发现,近30多年来保护区及周边水鸟种类显著减少,如鸻形目物种,这与城镇化高速发展导致沼泽、池塘、水田等湿地面积大幅减少有关。2013至2019年野外固定监测发现了斑尾鹃鸠(Macropygia unchall)等15种保护区鸟类分布新记录种,以迁徙鸟为主。保护区未来应全面建立鸟类多样性长期固定监测体系,加强鸟类生活史、种间社会组织、群落构建机制等热点理论研究;并整合其他动植物多类群互作网络,阐明动植物功能多样性与生态系统稳定性之间的内在规律,为保护区野生动物保护与管理提供科学依据。

Avian Exploration and Research History in Dinghushan

As the first nature reserve in mainland China, Dinghushan preserves a complete south subtropical monsoon evergreen broad-leaved forest and is a biodiversity hotspot in southern China. The reserve is rich in bird resources, but historical research data is scattered, and there is no complete bird checklist. This article systematically sorts out the literature published from 1913 to 2019, and analyzes the changes of bird resources and the threatening factors of reserve. There is a total of 267 bird species from 17 orders, 64 families in the Reserve, with 45 species listed as national protection. As to its fauna, the Oriental species are dominant, accounting for 78.48% of breeding birds. For migratory status, there are 144 migrating species, and 118 resident birds. And another 5 species have both migration and long-term settlement. The literatures show that the ornithology research in the reserve mainly involving bird population, community, behavior and reproduction. The research on the population ecology of the Silver Pheasant (Lophura nycthemera) and the bird community in different vegetation succession stages are more in-depth. Compared with historical records, there has been a significant decrease of water birds in the reserve and surrounding areas during the past 30 years, especially for Charadriiformes. It is related to the significant reduction in wetlands, such as marshes, ponds, and paddy fields due to rapid urbanization. We also found new distribution records of 15 bird species from 2013 to 2019, which are mainly migrating species, such as Barred Cuckoo Dove (Macropygia unchall). In the future, the reserve should comprehensively establish a long-term fixed monitoring system for bird diversity, strengthening theoretical research on bird life history, interspecific social organization, and community assembly mechanisms. The research advances on plant-animal functional diversity and ecosystem stability are necessary by integrating multitrophic interaction networks, which could provide more scientific basis for the protection and management of wildlife in the reserve.