基于自动录音技术研究三种雉类 鸣叫特征和节律

自动录音机是一种低成本、高效、可以在较长时间和较大空间范围内对物种的活动进行有效监测的设备。2019年4至6月，在北京小龙门地区（40°00′ N，115°26′ E）褐马鸡（Crossoptilon mantchuricum）、勺鸡（Pucrasia macrolopha）和环颈雉（Phasianus colchicus）的栖息地内布设了songmeter自动录音机，对三种雉类的鸣声进行为期2个月的连续收集。利用Kaleidoscope软件（Wildlife Acoustics公司，美国），对不同雉类鸣声进行了人工辅助的机器学习和自动识别，从录制的22 536 h录音数据中提取了褐马鸡、勺鸡和环颈雉的鸣声。优化鸣声提取的时频参数后，勺鸡鸣声提取的正确率为73.32%，探测率为52.91%；环颈雉鸣声提取的正确率为89.32%，探测率为67.36%；褐马鸡鸣声提取的正确率较低，仅为8.69%，探测率为58.54%。结合三种雉类的繁殖资料，揭示了三种雉类的鸣声节律：褐马鸡和环颈雉有早晚两个鸣叫高峰期，但高峰时段不尽相同，勺鸡只存在鸣叫早高峰；褐马鸡、勺鸡和环颈雉在交配期、孵卵前期具有一个鸣叫高峰。

Acoustic Characteristics and Vocal Rhythms of Three Pheasant Species Using Automatic Recording in Xiaolongmen, Beijing

Automatic acoustic recorder is a low-cost, high-efficiency research equipment that can effectively monitor the activity level of species in a large space range and long-time span. To understand the rhythm of the Galliformes birds, vocalization of Brown Eared Pheasant (Crossoptilon mantchuricum), Koklass Pheasant (Pucrasia macrolopha) and Ring-necked Pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) were recorded using 40 automatic recorders in the Xiaolongmen National Forestry Park during 2019 breeding season (from April 27th to June 31st). The calls of Brown Eared Pheasant, Koklass Pheasant and Ring-necked Pheasant were extracted based on human-assisted machine learning. By optimizing the time-frequency parameters of the sound extraction, the correct rates of call extraction of the Koklass Pheasant and Ring-necked Pheasant were 73.32% and 89.32%, with the detection rates of 52.91% and 67.36%; however, the correct rate of call extraction of Brown Eared Pheasant was only 8.69% with the detection rate of 58.54%. Peak frequency, syllable duration, number of syllables and strophe duration were measured for each species. Acoustic characteristics were compared among species using K-S test and F-test. The calls of Brown Eared Pheasant were occurred rich in harmonics, while Koklass Pheasant and Ring-necked Pheasant were relatively few harmonics (Fig. 1, Table 1). Both breeding rhythms and daily rhythms on vocal activity were compared among species using T-test. In terms of breeding rhythms, all these three pheasant species had a peak of vocal activity during mating and early hatching periods (Fig. 2); in terms of daily rhythm, the Brown Eared Pheasant and the Ring-necked Pheasant had two peaks in the morning and evening, while Koklass Pheasant only had one peak of dawn calling (Fig. 3).