耕地生态补偿实践与研究进展

摘要：耕地资源稀缺的特殊国情决定耕地需要承担着重要的职能，为此我国政府采取世界上最严格的耕地保护政策，但指挥和控制性的政策并没有发挥其应有的功效，因此，寻求一种保护稀缺耕地资源有效手段，是当今我国耕地资源保护与生态建设急需解决的问题。本文采用文献回顾法、归纳法对国内外相关的耕地生态补偿研究进行归纳分析。研究发现：国外对耕地的生态补偿的研究主要集中在美国和欧盟国家，研究案例主要涉及到有机农业、生态农业、生态多样性、湿地保护、自然资源保护、栖息地保护等方面。国外研究的热点主要是：1.生态补偿定量核算。试图量化耕地的外部效益，为补偿标准建立提供参考。2.生态保护成本。保护成本核算能确保对土地所有者或者保护者充分补偿。3.补偿的效率分析。它是评价补偿工具成败的一种有效手段。4.补偿的空间外部性。能确定涉及到的利益相关者。总之，国外的研究能够形成翔实地块数据并对已做决策效果进行分析和评价，而我国对具有生态功能价值和社会保障价值的耕地生态补偿的研究涉及较少，还处于探索阶段。国外的研究对于推动我国耕地生态补偿研究有很好的促进作用，借鉴国外发展模式与经验，根据我国国情与耕地生态补偿发展状况提出建立耕地生态补偿机制的政策建议。

Practice and the research progress on eco-compensation for cultivated land

Cultivated land plays a multi-dimensional function. It provides not only food and fiber for human's use, but also various non-market services such as ecological barrier in protecting environment and landscape functions in land use. In China, limited cultivated land bears great pressure with economic development, so the most severe protection policy for cultivated land in the world has been implemented by the Chinese government for many years, but the present command and control policy has subtle effects. Therefore, how to find a kind of effective measurement to protect the rare cultivated land resources in China is one of key topics for both land resources protection and ecological environment construction. The increasing deterioration of ecological environment quality further put a heavy loading on the cultivated land ecosystem. It is time to establish cultivated land's eco-compensation mechanisms and polices to reach re-distribution of economic benefits of related stakeholders fairly and protect the quality and quantity of cultivated land resources. These mechanisms should solve the conflict problem of cultivated land resources use and ecological environment construction simultaneously and should give an incentive on the supply of positive externalities and restrain negative externalities.This paper is intended to review both international and domestic academic literature in terms of eco-compensation for cultivated land use. This study reveals that the initial motivation of eco-compensation for cultivated land was to generate comprehensive information of policy formation and decision-making process of the system, while facilitating the supply of the ecological environment and service nowadays. In the international, most successful cases are in the fields of organic agriculture, ecological agriculture, ecological diversity, wetland protection, natural resource conservation, habitat protection and so on, while in China current research mainly focuses on forest eco-compensation, mineral eco-compensation, watershed eco-compensation. In this paper, four main interests of researching from abroad are comprehensively reviewed. The review indicates that calculating the compensation standards of cultivated land's external benefits can provide references for the design of the mechanism of cultivated land's eco-compensation. Moreover, valuing the cost of ecological protection can ensure full compensation to protectors or owners of land. Finally, analyzing efficiency of eco-compensation can quantize the effectiveness of compensation, and analyzing spatial externalities can determine reaching related benefit groups of eco-compensation. Overall, studies from abroad can provide detailed data of blocks and analyze and assess the results of been-made decisions. In contrast, there is little research and still in the exploratory stage in terms of areas such as having ecological functions or social security value in our country. The research works of overseas would be a good promotion for our development of the research works on eco-compensation of the cultivated land in China. Other countries successful development modes and experiences are very helpful for our constitution and consummation of the policy on eco-compensation of the cultivated land based on our national conditions and status. For the benefit of improving China's eco-compensation for cultivated land, several measures are recommended such as establishing supervision mechanism of ecological compensation, building up cultivated land quality evaluation system, analyzing the performance of ecological policy, and raising public awareness of ecological capacity of the environment.