顺德产业生态系统能值动态分析

虽然当前的产业生态学研究多集中于生产线、企业和产业生态园尺度,但城市无疑是产业系统基本组合单元,城市区域尺度的产业生态学研究是产业生态学研究尺度上推的必经阶段。我国产业生态系统及城市化进程的空间分布不均,以顺德等为代表的东南沿海市(县)产业生态系统的发展历程对中西部地区有拉动和借鉴的双重作用。以能值理论方法为基础,结合环境经济学和区域经济学方法,从系统开放性、本土性、闭路循环性和经济性4个方面,投入和产出端2个角度,对顺德市产业生态系统改革开放22a的发展动态进行分析研究。结果发现,22a系统能值总用量增加15.65倍,能值密度增加16.31倍,人均能值使用强度增加9.70倍,外部不可更新资源用量增加16.32倍。能值废弃率在20世纪80年代不断上升而在90年代迅速下降,但环境负载率则表现为无规律的波动状态。20世纪90年代,系统能值出口率上升至1978年的4.10倍,但能值交换率小于1。结果表明,改革开放22a,顺德产业生态系统自组织能力明显提高,土地资源利用率不断提高,但系统对周边负熵资源,尤其是不可更新资源的依赖性不断提高,人力资源生产力水平提高相对较慢。20世纪90年代污染物处理产业发展迅速,但在系统资料消耗端的绿色化方面则无显明进展。系统对不可更新资源的利用效率不高,产出商品在市场交换中处于表面繁荣背景下的生态经济不利地位。系统已到了向知识密集型发展道路转变的拐点域。能值理论方法与环境经济学和区域经济学分析的整合可以满足产业生态系统分析评价要求,针对产业生态系统特点,进行多尺度、多方面联立评价,实现系统发展现状、动态与动因的整合分析,对产业生态系统优化点的发现与优化方向的确定有直接的意义。

Emergy synthesis of the dynamics of the Shunde industrial system

Most past studies in industrial ecology have been at the scale of the product production line, factory, or industrial eco-park. However, the activities of industrial systems are combined and regulated at the scale of the urban environment. Therefore, a study of the ecology of the urban environment is essential to understand the dynamics of industrial systems. One of the characteristics of Chinese industrialization and urbanization is its unbalanced spatial distribution. The dynamic development process of urban industrial ecosystems in the southeast area of China has both promoted and served as a reference to guide development in the central and western areas. Twenty-two years of development in the Shunde industrial ecosystem from the enforcement of economic reform and 1978 to 2000 were evaluated using emergy theory and synthesis methods. There are four essential characteristics of industrial ecosystems: (1) recycle of materials, (2) openness to exchange of energy and materials, (3) resulting local effects, and (4) the effects of exchange with larger economies. We evaluated the structure of inputs and outputs to and from the Shunde industrial system within the context of these four aspects of industrial ecosystems. Three new emergy indices were promulgated to integrate the environmental economics of industrial systems with the regional economy. The Foreign Investment Ratio (FIR), the Foreign Export Ratio (FER) and the intrasystem Emergy Feedback Ratio (EFR) were established to fill the need to evaluate the degree of openess characteristic of the urban industrial system (FIR and FER) and the capacity for self-organization of the urban industrial ecosystem (EFR). We found the total emergy use (U) and empower density (ED) of the Shunde industrial ecosystem increased 15.65 and 16.31 times over the 22 year period of development, while the consumption of nonrenewable indigenous emergy inputs and the emergy use per person increased 16.32 and 9.70 times, respectively. The emergy waste ratio (EWR) increased in 1980s', and decreased in 1990s', while the environmental loading ratio (ELR) kept varying without clear trends. The EOR increased 4.10 times, while the emergy exchange ratio (EER) remained lower than 1 throughout the 22 years. The results show that the self-organization capacity and land use intensity of the Shunde industrial ecosystem increased quickly, while its dependence on nonrenewable indigenous emergy inputs increased even faster. In contrast, the productivity of labor increased more slowly. In the 1990s', industrial waste treatment increased quickly, but a greening trend in the structure of emergy inputs was not found. With relatively lower efficiency in the use of fossil and mineral resources, the Shunde industrial ecosystem has lost access to some resources under prosperous market conditions. At present, the Shunde industrial ecosystem is standing at a turning point on the road that leads from labor intensive development toward technology intensive development. Emergy theory and synthesis methods integrated with environmental and regional economics can fill the need to evaluate industrial ecosystems, and make clear the relationships driving current and past dynamic behavior. Through combining evaluations of multiple scales, the variation in the indices that characteristize industrial ecosystems can be examined. Emergy synthesis may be helpful in both evaluation and optimization of urban industrial ecosystems.