江西省主要作物(稻、棉、油)生态经济系统综合分析评价

基于成本收益分析和能值分析理论,构建经济效益指标和生态经济效益指标,对江西省水稻(早稻和晚稻)、棉花、油菜种植系统的经济效益、生态经济综合效益进行分析和评价。经济效益方面,分析比较了单位面积作物成本构成,构建了净利润(Rev)和净利润率(Prof)两个经济效益指标;生态经济方面,分析比较了单位面积能值投入产出构成,构建了能值投入率、能值产出率、环境负载率、宏观经济能值等四个能值评价指标。计算结果表明江西省水稻、棉花和油菜等作物的生产成本占主导地位,价格因素是影响种植成本最重要的因素。水稻主要是以生产物资费用为主,而棉花和油菜以人工费用为主。从产值和收益来看,Rev大小为棉花>晚稻>早稻>油菜,Prof大小为晚稻>棉花>早稻>油菜。水稻、棉花和油菜种植系统对自然更新资源的依靠程度较低,系统的维系主要依赖于外部购买能值的投入,其构成与生产成本构成是一致的。水稻、棉花和油菜等作物的种植系统能值投入率比较高,大小为棉花>早稻>晚稻>油菜,能值产出率:油菜>棉花>晚稻>早稻,造成生态环境压力为晚稻>早稻>油菜>棉花,宏观经济能值大小为油菜>棉花>晚稻>早稻。结果表明,江西省水稻、棉花、油菜种植系统是高度开放的系统,主要依赖购买能值,但是系统产出率不高,其环境压力也不大。研究结果可为深入认识江西水稻、棉花和油菜等主要作物种植系统提供一个新的视角,并为种植业可持续发展提供一定的参考价值。

Analysis and evaluation of the eco-economic systems of the main crops (rice, cotton and rapeseed) in Jiangxi Province, China

An agro-ecosystem is a complex system with ecological, economic and technological functions.Agriculture is a unique tool that relates to both environmental functions and to the development of human society.However, in meeting the needs of society and in providing an impetus for economic development, agriculture has had a negative impact on the natural environment.Modern agricultural production can lead to water shortages, agricultural chemical pollution, soil fertility decline, and global climate change, among other issues.With the increasing scarcity of resources, agriculture is no longer simply an issue of natural resources; for example, environmental costs and climate change are even being incorporated into accounting.To address the problematic relationship of agriculture and natural resources, ecological and environmental studies must consider the problem in terms of sustainable agricultural development.This article describes our comprehensive evaluation of the major crops in Jiangxi Province.We evaluate the crops' ecological and economic efficiency (economic, ecological and economic benefits and ecological pressure) and their development trends to reveal the factors influencing these trends and the ways in which these variables change.The major crops in Jiangxi are rice, cotton and rapeseed.Cost-benefit analysis and value analysis are the basic tools of this analysis.This article builds three indicators, namely, economic benefits, ecological and economic benefits, and ecological stress.The data are based on the average values for the period 2006-2010.To evaluate economic benefits, we analyzed and compared the cost and revenue per unit area.We then set up two economic benefit indices: net revenue per unit area (Rev) and net profitability (Prof).To evaluate eco-economic benefits, we analyzed and compared the energy input and output per unit area, and then set up four energy evaluation indices: emergy input ratio, emergy output ratio, environment loading ratio and macroeconomic emergy value.Based on the results of the emergy analysis, we observed that the planting systems of rice, cotton and rapeseed have a low degree of reliance on renewable environmental resources.In contrast, these planting systems have a high degree of reliance on the purchased input emergy, whose composition is equal to its production cost.The calculation shows that these planting systems have a high emergy input ratio, in which cotton > early rice > late rice > rapeseed.The calculation of the net output ratio of emergy shows that: rapeseed > cotton > late rice > early rice.The calculation of the environmental capacity shows that: late rice > early rice > rapeseed > cotton.Finally, the calculation of the macroeconomic value shows that: rapeseed > cotton > late rice > early rice.Our results show that production cost plays a dominant role for rice, cotton and rapeseed in Jiangxi Province and that price is the most important factor influencing planting cost.For rice, the cost is mainly influenced by production materials, and for cotton and rapeseed, the cost is mainly influenced by manual work.In terms of output value and benefit, the Rev of the crops are: cotton > late rice > early rice > rapeseed, and the Prof of the crops are: late rice > cotton > early rice > rapeseed.The results show that the planting systems of rice, cotton and rapeseed in Jiangxi are highly open systems.The results also show that the planting systems have a high reliance on purchased input emergy, but the systems have a low net emergy output ratio and environmental pressure.These results provide a new perspective on the planting systems of the main crops in Jiangxi Province and have reference value in promoting the sustainable development of agriculture.