AM真菌在有机农业发展中的机遇

在农田生态系统中,许多农作物均为丛枝菌根(AM)真菌的优良宿主植物,当AM真菌与这些宿主植物建立共生关系之后,AM真菌的存在有益于宿主植物的生长。然而,传统农业耕作模式中化学肥料和农药的施用、耕作制度的不断调整和非宿主植物的种植等都不利于AM真菌的建植。有机农业生态系统排除了化学肥料和农药的施用,减少了对AM真菌生长不利的因素,促进了土壤中AM真菌数量的增加和群落多样性的提高。同时,AM真菌可以通过多种方式改善土壤物理结构、提高农作物对干旱胁迫的耐受能力以及宿主植物对病虫害的抗性/耐性、抑制杂草生长、促进营养物质的吸收,进而提高植物的生长和改善产品的品质。基于此,围绕AM真菌在有机农业发展中的生态学功能展开论述,分析当前有机农业生态系统存在的问题,探讨利用AM真菌发展有机农业的可行性及其发展的机遇,以期促进AM真菌在有机农业发展中的应用。

The application of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in organic farming systems

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are one of the most important rhizosphere microorganisms in agro-ecosystems. It has been demonstrated that symbiosis with AM fungi can enhance the growth of host plants by improving water and nutrient absorption and increasing their tolerance ability to stress conditions. However, the positive effects of symbiosis with AM are usually being limited by the application of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and other agronomic practices in traditional farming systems. In order to produce safe foods and maintain the balance of the natural environment, organic farming without the use of chemical fertilizers or pesticides has been practiced all over the world, and increasing attention has focused on the role of AM fungi in organic farming systems. The aim of this review was to present the advantages and enhance the application of AM fungi in organic farming systems. AM fungi influenced the physical structure of soil, alleviated environmental stress damage, increased nutrient acquisition and biomass production, and improved the quality of crop products by the external hyphae. We also discussed and analyzed the challenges of AM fungi application in organic farming systems. Based on the above, AM fungi could promote the development of organic farming in the future.