中国传统生态智慧及其现实意义——以丽江古城水系为例

中国传统文化中蕴含着极其丰富的生态智慧,天人合一是这些传统文化的核心思想,天就是大自然,人就是人类,天人合一就是人类与大自然的合一。云南丽江古城水系的设计、管理和保护就是这些传统生态智慧在现代文明社会中的延续,为当今人们解决日益严峻的生态危机提供了极其宝贵而深刻的启示。古城的选址充分考虑了地形地貌、方位朝向和水系分布的特点,环山抱水的空间格局蕴含着深刻的生态智慧;古城的建筑、街巷与水系密切结合,形成了变化丰富的临水模式;依据古城地势和水系的特点,古城人们开创了独特并且延续至今的洗街文化;发达的水系造就了众多的桥梁,同时也产生了独特的桥市文化;以三眼井为代表的用水、护水民俗,蕴含着丰富的水管理智慧。面对当前旅游业迅猛发展所造成的水环境压力,古城管理部门借鉴传统的生态智慧,效仿古人的用水、护水方法,采取了一系列的调控和保护措施,古城水系的水质、水量得到了很大的改善和提高,例如:城市的污水处理率已由2008年的45.20%上升到2012年的86.82%,古城下游的水质也由2010年的劣Ⅴ类上升为2014年的Ⅲ类。中国传统生态智慧体现了人与自然之间和谐共存、共同发展的关系,具有十分重要的现实意义。

Traditional Chinese ecological wisdom and its practical meaning:a case study of the river system in Lijiang Old Town

Harmony between nature and human beings is the core idea of traditional Chinese culture, which contains an extremely rich ecological basis. The design, management, and protection of the river system in Lijiang Old Town are a continuation of this traditionally ecological wisdom in modern civilized society. Meanwhile, this wisdom provides an extremely valuable and profound enlightenment that modern society can use to resolve increasingly serious ecological crises. The location of Lijiang Old Town fully considers the characteristics of topography, orientation and water distribution, and the pattern of "mountains hold water", and is profoundly based on this old ecological wisdom. The buildings and streets are near water, so there are many dwellings near the river. The people of Lijiang Old Town created a unique culture of washing the street according to the characteristics of terrain and river system, and this continues today. A large number of bridges were built because of the developed river system, creating the unique culture of the "bridge market." The folklore of water usage and conservation, as represented by "three-hole wells," also contains many good practices regarding water management. The water environment pressures due to the rapid development of tourism, has led the management of Lijiang Old Town to issue a series of regulations and protections that draw on traditional ecological knowledge and imitate the water usage and conservation methods used by the town''s ancestors. This means that water quality and water resource quantity have greatly improved. For example, the rate of city sewage disposal has increased from 45.20% in 2008 to 86.82% in 2012, and the water quality downstream has risen from worse than grade V in 2010 to grade III in 2014. Traditional Chinese ecological wisdom embodies the relationship between harmonious coexistence and common development between human beings and nature. Therefore, even today, it has an important practical meaning.