基于景观安全格局的嘉绒藏族传统村落形态研究——以马尔康市直波村为例

以优化土地利用、实现村落形态可持续发展为导向,以景观安全格局的理论为基础对高原传统村落形态进行定量化研究。运用最小累积阻力模型和信息量评价模型相结合的方法,选取坡度、坡向、高程差、距水体距离、距道路距离、土地资源和文化景观7个阻力评价因子,构建研究区景观格局体系并分析其村落形态与土地利用的适宜关系。以直波村为例,将之分为4种等级的景观安全水平,共104个"源"地,其由低到高的景观格局及"源"地分为乡土建筑遗产保护源、民俗风情影响源、自然景观影响源、开放空间影响源,占研究区面积的比例分别为29.44%、25.35%、32.41%、12.8%;通过各阻力评价因子的最小累计阻力值和信息量值的大小影响村落形态"源"地的分布概率,计算出研究区村落形态"源"地未来适宜用地范围在高程为2501-2522 m、坡度为9°-15°、坡向为南坡、西坡、西北坡;结合景观安全水平提出土地利用可考虑两种情景：一是根据村落形态重新赋予新的功能,二是采用渐进式更新。研究结果表明通过探究土地利用与村落形态的关系,既能够较好解决人地空间关系,推进川西北高原乡村振兴建设,同时实现嘉绒藏族传统村落形态的存续。

Research on traditional village form of Jiarong Tibetan based on landscape security pattern: a case study of Zhibo village in Barkam City

In order to achieve sustainable development of village form and optimization use of land resource, the traditional village form on plateau was researched quantitatively based on the theory of landscape security pattern. Accompanied with analysis of suitable relationship between the village form and the land use, the landscape pattern architecture of study region was constructed by the method of combined model, composed of the minimum cumulative resistance and the information amount evaluation, in which seven resistance evaluation factors were applied, namely slope, aspect, elevation difference, distance to water body, distance to road, land resources and cultural landscape. In the case study of Zhibo village, a traditional village of Jiarong Tibetan in Barkam, the village was divided into four landscape security levels from low to high level and 104 sources of village form. All sources of village form in Zhibo were classified into four categories: local architectural heritage protection source, folk customs influence source, natural landscape influence source, and open space influence source, whose distribution proportion in study region were 29.44%, 25.35%, 32.41%, and 12.8%, respectively. The suitable direction of future development of the village form sources was illustrated as follows according to the distribution probability of the village form sources effected by the quantitative values of the minimum cumulative resistance and the information. The elevation should be between 2501 and 2522 m. The slope should be between 9° and 15°. The aspect should be south slope, west slope and northwest slope. Considering the landscape security level, two situations of land use are suggested. The first one is that the new function will be granted to land use based on the village form. The other one is the land use will be gradually updated. The results indicate that the study on relationship between the land use and the village form can provide not only an effective solution that can solve the problems between human being and the land space, but also a significant promotion that can improve the rural construction in the northwestern plateau of Sichuan and preserve the traditional village form of the Jiarong Tibetan.