基于生态系统评价的山水林田湖草生态保护与修复体系构建研究——以乌梁素海流域为例

山水林田湖草系统保护与修复工程实施的重要目标是维护和提升区域生态系统服务。从乌梁素海流域山水林田湖草的生态现状与功能出发,对乌梁素海流域水土流失、土地沙化等生态敏感性及土壤保持、水源涵养、生物多样性等生态功能重要性进行系统评价,形成基于生态敏感性和生态功能重要性相结合的空间格局评价结果。以维护和提升人类福祉所需的重要生态系统服务为目标,以乌梁素海流域生态敏感性和生态功能重要性相结合的空间格局评价结果为基础,制定了“一中心、二重点、六要素、七工程”的乌梁素海山水林田湖草生态保护与修复体系,并基于此将乌梁素海流域生态保护修复分为6个主要治理区域,形成“四区、一带、一网”的生态安全格局,通过具体工程实施,流域生态环境质量和生态服务能力将取得明显提升,防风固沙能力有效增强,生物多样性持续改善,水环境质量稳定达标,生态系统的稳定性明显加强。通过乌梁素海流域的分析案例为流域山水林田湖草生态保护与修复关键区域的识别提供了定量分析方法,为流域尺度构建生态安全格局、实现山水林田湖草系统保护和修复提供思路和途径。

Ecological protection and restoration of forest, wetland, grassland and cropland based on the perspective of ecosystem assessment: a case study in Wuliangsuhai Watershed

The important goal of Ecological protection and restoration of forest, wetland, grassland and cropland is to maintain and enhance the regional ecosystem services. This paper analyzes the sensitivity of soil erosion and land desertification, and the importance of soil conservation, water conservation and biodiversity protection based on the ecological status and function of forest, wetland, grassland and cropland in Wuliangsuhai Watershed, gets the spatial distribution of the ecological sensitivity and ecological function importance. Based on the spatial distribution of the ecological sensitivity and ecological function importance of Wuliangsuhai Watershed and aiming at maintaining and improving the important ecosystem services needed for human well-being, we proposed the framework of ecological protection and restoration of forest, wetland, grassland and cropland based in Wuliangsuhai Watershed as "one core, two key points, six elements and seven projects", and divided the Wuliangsuhai Watershed to six main protection and restoration areas, which forms an ecological security pattern as "four districts, one belt and one network", and with the effective practices of the protection and restoration projects, ecosystem quality and ecosystem services capability obviously improved, windbreak and sand fixation capability enhanced, biodiversity continuous improved, water environmental quality up-to-standard, and the ecosystem should become more stable. This paper provides quantitative analysis methods for identifying the important areas of ecological protection and restoration of forest, wetland, grassland and cropland in watershed based on the case study in Wuliangsuhai i Watershed, and provides the thoughts and ways for constructing ecological security pattern at the watershed scale to realize the systematic protection and restoration of ecosystem of forest, wetland, grassland and cropland.