西北干旱荒漠区生态系统可持续管理理念与模式

结合对西北干旱区水资源短缺、资源开发中的生态与经济矛盾突出、气候变暖可能加剧干旱区荒漠化以及生态水权与长效保障机制缺失等问题的分析诊断,探讨了荒漠区生态系统可持续管理面临的问题与难点,分析提出了荒漠生态系统植被保育的生态水位与生态阈值,阐述了荒漠-绿洲过渡带生态融合以及绿洲生态系统安全的生态防护梯度等干旱区生态系统管理理念;结合干旱区极端环境自然条件,在多年现场试验基础上,研发集成了退化群落改造与生态多样性构建技术、植物群落结构优化配置、组装与生态融合技术、生态系统恢复水分利用与生态自维持技术以及胡杨萌蘖更新技术等多种适宜荒漠植被恢复与重建的技术模式,并进行了成功实践和试验示范,为干旱荒漠区生态系统可持续管理提供了重要科技支撑。

The concept and mode of ecosystem sustainable management in arid desert areas in northwest China

The arid areas of northwest China are facing a shortage of water resources, and this is further aggravated because of desertification caused by climate warming as well as lack of ecological water rights and long-term protection mechanisms for these areas. The contradicting prominent goals of ecology and resource economy additionally complicate this situation. In this paper, we discussed the problems and difficulties in the sustainable management of arid desert areas of northwest China, reported the level of ecological water and ecological threshold of vegetation conservation in desert ecosystems, and proposed a concept of ecosystem management in arid areas that included ecological integration in desert-oasis transition zone and ecological protection gradient of oasis ecosystem security. Based on multiyear field investigations of the extreme ecological conditions in arid areas, this paper integrates various models that can be used for desert vegetation restoration and reconstruction, including the model for the restoration of degraded communities and ecological diversity, optimal configuration, assembly of plant community structure and ecological integration technology, ecosystem restoration through water utilization and ecological self-maintenance technology, and root sprout regeneration technique for Populus euphratica. These techniques have been developed and integrated based on years of successful field experiments. These understandings can be used as a scientific basis and technological support for the sustainable management of arid desert ecosystems.