东北地区北红尾鸲巢址选择及繁殖成效

北红尾鸲(Phoenicurus auroreus)是一种分布广泛的小型雀形目鸟类,主要分布于南亚东北部,东南亚北部、东亚及俄罗斯等地区,我国东北、华北、华中至西南等地也均有分布,是重要的食虫益鸟。为探究北红尾鸲巢址选择的影响因素,找到影响北红尾鸲繁殖成功率的主要巢址因子,于2017年4—7月,在辽宁仙人洞国家级自然保护区开展系统研究。共发现北红尾鸲自然巢44个,其中29巢繁殖成功,15巢繁殖失败。北红尾鸲主要筑巢于石墙缝、空心砖墙缝及废旧电表箱中。巢址参数的主成分分析结果表明:巢口因子(27.738%)、巢位因子(14.195%)、光照因子(12.145%)、人为干扰因子(10.440%)、安全因子(9.266%)和隐蔽因子(7.187%)是影响北红尾鸲巢址选择的重要因子。采用二元逻辑斯蒂回归分析繁殖成功巢与失败巢参数发现,成功巢的巢口最大高度显著小于失败巢(P=0.047),且其距顶的距离更近(P=0.043)。多元线性回归分析表明,巢上方盖度对繁殖成功率有极显著影响(t=2.883,P=0.009)。总的来说,北红尾鸲虽偏爱筑巢于人为干扰较大的村庄房屋附近,但较小的巢口能有效避免巢捕食者的捕食,更近的距顶距离和更大的巢上方盖度能有效降低巢上方的可视程度和降水等不利因素的影响,从而提高繁殖成功率。

Nest site selection and breeding success of Daurian redstart Phoenicurus auroreus in northeast China

Daurian redstart Phoenicurus auroreus is a secondary hole-nesting bird distributed widely in temperate Asia. The aim of this study is to identify critical features of nest site selection that affect reproductive success of the bird. All 44 nests (29 succeeded and 15 failed) were built in gaps of stone wall, cavities of hollow brick wall and ropey electricity meter boxes. The main factors that affect nest site selection were nest entrance factors (21.738%), spatial location factors (14.195%), sunshine factors (12.145%), human disturbance (10.440%), nest security (9.266%), and nest concealment (7.187%). Binary logistic regression results showed that succeed breeding nests were nearer to the roof (P=0.043) and had smaller entrance (P=0.047) than the failed nests. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that nest coverage significantly positively related with reproductive success (t=2.883, P=0.009). These findings demonstrate that Daurian redstart prefers to build their nests around villages, where strong disturbance also exist. Small entrance, sheltered above and short distance to the roof-top are relatively adaptive nest-site choice, which may play important roles in the breeding success of Daurian redstart.