黄土高原水土流失治理现状、问题及对策

黄土高原位于黄河中游地区,是世界上水土流失最为严重的区域之一;黄土高原水土流失治理问题历来受到国家高度关注,涌现了种类多样的水土流失治理模式,目前还缺乏对黄土高原区域尺度水土流失治理模式的总结和整理。本文总结和整理了建国以来黄土高原主要的四类水土流失治理模式,生物措施模式主要由退耕还林、荒山造林和封山育林工程组成,工程措施模式包括修建梯田和淤地坝,以及近期涌现的治沟造地工程;小流域综合治理模式主要体现在坡面、沟道系统整治,生物和工程措施相结合的特点,区域综合整理模式则强调对生态系统进行整体保护、系统修复和综合治理,达到生态、社会、经济可持续发展。基于黄土高原水土流失治理模式存在的问题,提出了黄土高原水土流失治理模式调整和优化建议,以期对黄土高原生态恢复建设和水土流失科学治理提供科学依据。

The management of soil and water conservation in the Loess Plateau of China: Present situations, problems, and counter-solutions

The Loess Plateau, located in the upper and middle reaches of China''s Yellow River, is both the largest and deepest loess deposit in the world. Over 60% of this land is a gully-hill dominated region owing to massive soil erosion during the extensive cultivation activities over the past thousands of years. Issues regarding soil and water conservation in the Loess Plateau have always attracted great attention from the state government, and various types of models have emerged for soil and water conservation in this land area. However, there is no systematic summary of models for soil and water conservation at the regional scale in the Loess Plateau. In the present study, four dominant models of soil and water conservation were identified in the Loess Plateau since 1949, after the founding of the People''s Republic of China. The biological model is mainly the Grain to Green Project, comprising afforestation for barren hills and plantation for enclosed hills. The engineering model mainly comprised the construction of terraces and check-dams, as well as the recently adopted gully control and land reclamation projects. The comprehensive management model of small watersheds is mainly embodied by the regulation of slope and gully areas through the combination of biological and engineering models. A comprehensive model at the regional scale emphasized the integrated protection, systematic restoration, and comprehensive management, to achieve sustainable development in the elements of ecology, society, and economy systems. Based on the existing problems with the models for soil and water conservation in the Loess Plateau, we have presented a strategy for the adjustment and optimization of models for soil and water conservation in this region to provide a scientific basis for ecological restoration and soil erosion management in the Loess Plateau.