人熊冲突缓解措施研究进展——以三江源国家公园为例

人与熊科动物之间的冲突已成为亚洲、欧洲和美洲地区的一个普遍问题,科学有效的人熊冲突管控措施有助于人熊共存机制的建立。目前,全球范围内肇事熊科动物涉及7种,分别为棕熊、亚洲黑熊、美洲黑熊、北极熊、马来熊、懒熊和眼镜熊。肇事类型主要包括伤人、捕食牲畜、入侵房屋、损害庄稼、袭击蜂箱以及翻食垃圾。引发人熊冲突的原因与人类活动范围扩大、熊科动物种群数量上升、熊科动物生境质量下降、熊科动物自然食源周期性短缺、人类食物来源易获得性以及公众对肇事熊的容忍度下降有关。国际上已有的人熊冲突缓解措施包括物理措施、生物措施、化学措施以及政策导向性措施,然而,多数措施的制定仅停留在措施本身的技术层面上,缺乏对地方实际情况和冲突驱动因素的分析。西藏棕熊属于棕熊的一种稀有亚种,生活在靠近人类的中亚高海拔地区。在中国三江源国家公园地区,人类与西藏棕熊的冲突引起了人们的关注,为协助制订有效的保育目标、解决区内人熊冲突问题,提出以下缓解建议:(1)缓解措施的制定需因地而异,综合考虑地方实际情况,如地理环境、法律法规、民俗文化以及宗教信仰等;(2)冲突类型多样,防熊措施需持续更新与完善;(3)加强人类社会发展与熊科动物生存之间的关系研究,探索人们生产生活方式的改变与熊科动物行为变化之间的关系;(4)加强棕熊生态学方面的研究,从棕熊生境质量、种群动态、自然食源以及生态系统完整性等方面去深入挖掘人熊冲突的驱动因素,进而从根本上制定缓解措施,促进三江源国家公园地区人熊共存。

Summary comments on human-bear conflict mitigation measures and implications to Sanjiangyuan National Park

Conflicts between human and bears have become a universal problem in Asia, Europe, and the Americas. Science-based solutions for mitigating the conflicts can contribute to establishment of mechanisms promoting human-bear coexistence. There are seven Ursidae species involved in human-bear conflicts. These include the brown bear (Ursus arctos), Asiatic black bear (U. thibetanus), American black bear (U. americanus), Polar bear (U. maritimus), Sun bear (Helarctos malayanus), Sloth bear (Melursus ursinus), and Spectacled bear (Tremarctos ornatus). Damage types cover attacking human, preying on livestock, house break-ins, damaging crop, raiding beehive, and garbage raiding. Human-bear conflicts result from human encroachment, increase of the bear population, the habitat degradation, seasonal food shortages, accessibility of anthropogenic food sources, and decreasing public tolerance towards the Ursidae species. Present solutions to mitigate human-bear conflicts include the physical, biological, chemical, and policy-oriented measures. However, these tactics are only considered from the technical angle, and fail to take driving factors of human-bear conflicts and local realities into consideration. The Tibetan brown bear (U. arctos pruinosus) is a rare subspecies of brown bear living at high altitude in close proximity to humans in central Asia. In Sanjiangyuan National Park in China, human-bear conflict with the species is of concern. To help shape effective conservation goals for resolving human-bear conflicts in the area, we proposed that:(1) formulation of mitigation measures should be tailored to region, taking into account local realities such as geography, laws and regulations, culture and religious practices; (2) mitigation measures should consistently be updated and improved to address the varying types of damage; (3) research on the relationship between anthropogenic development and the Ursidae survival should be continued. Specifically, the relationship between lifestyle practices and animal behavior should be explored; and (4) research on the ecology of the Tibetan brown bear should be strengthened to identify the driving factors of human-bear conflict in terms of habitat quality, population dynamics, natural food sources, and ecosystem integrity. Mitigation measures should be formulated at a fundamental level with regular assessment of efficacy to promote peaceful human-bear coexistence in Sanjiangyuan National Park.