山水林田湖草生态修复工程的社会-生态系统(SES)分析框架及应用——以浙江省钱塘江源头区域为例

“山水林田湖草生命共同体”是人与自然和谐共处的指导原则,也是人类实现可持续发展的有效实践路径。根据Ostrom提出的社会-生态系统（SES）框架,以浙江省钱塘江源头区域为研究区,构建集流域、陆地和人类活动为一体的社会-生态系统（SES）概念框架,为生态修复工程提供一个问题导向的分析策略。研究发现基于Ostrom构建的钱塘江源头区域山水林田湖草生态修复工程的SES框架,可以用来诊断关键问题、分析影响因素、设定行动情景和评估结果,从而形成完整的实施和解决问题策略。由诊断关键问题得出,该区域面临地质灾害多发、水土流失、环境污染、生物结构单一等多重问题,而人类活动如城市扩张、过度开发自然资源、污染物排放等则是造成社会-生态系统失衡的主要因素。通过行动情景设置将SES框架中涉及的影响因素、解决途径、评价标准、期望的成效以及反馈机制等进行梳理,对研究区的社会-生态系统进行全面分析。根据设立的评价体系对生态修复工程进行生态环境和社会经济效果的动态评估,并不断地根据评价结果进行修正以获得最佳的预期成效。该框架为解决钱塘江源头区域山水林田湖草生态修复工程所面临的问题提供了一个系统的解决方案,并可根据研究区的特点进行相应调整,是一个具有强适用性的社会-生态系统分析框架。

Social-ecological system (SES) analysis framework for application in ecological restoration engineering of mountains-rivers-forests-farmlands-lakes-grasslands: Utilizing the source area of Qiantang River in Zhejiang Province as an example

Taking mountains-rivers-forests-farmlands-lakes-grasslands as a life community is the guiding principle of the harmonious coexistence between human and nature, and is also an effective practical path for the sustainable development of mankind. According to the social-ecological system (SES) framework proposed by Ostrom, the source area of the Qiantang River in Zhejiang Province was used to construct a SES conceptual framework integrating watershed, land, and human activities. It provided a problem-oriented analysis strategy for ecological restoration projects. This study found that the SES framework of the ecological restoration project of "mountains-rivers-forests-farmlands-lakes-grasslands" in the source area of the Qiantang River can be used to diagnose key problems, analyze influencing factors, set action scenarios, and evaluate results to form a complete implementation and problem-solving strategy. Based on key problems in the diagnosis, this region faced multiple problems, including frequent geological disasters, soil and water loss, environmental pollution, and single biological structures, while human activities such as urban expansion, excessive exploitation of natural resources, and pollutant discharge were the main factors causing an imbalance in the SES. By setting action scenarios, the influencing factors, solutions, evaluation criteria, expected results, and feedback mechanisms involved in the SES framework were sorted to comprehensively analyze the SES of the study area. According to the established evaluation system, the ecological restoration and environmental economic effects of the ecological restoration project were evaluated dynamically, and constantly revised based on the evaluation results to obtain the best expected results. This framework provided a systematic solution to solve the problems faced by the ecological restoration project "mountains-rivers-forests-farmlands-lakes-grasslands" in the source area of the Qiantang River, and could be adjusted according to the characteristics of the study area. This is a SES analysis framework with strong applicability.