昆虫寄主标记信息素

综述了昆虫寄主标记信息素的研究进展。昆虫寄主标记信息素是指由昆虫产生的用来标记寄主上有同种个体存在的化学物质。昆虫寄主标记信息素的主要生态学功能是调节昆虫的产卵行为，通过阻止自身或同种其它个体对已标记寄主的产卵选择，或减少产卵量来减少后代之间对寄主资源的竞争。寄主标记信息素也会给释放着带来不利的影响，如信息盗用和盗寄生现象等。昆虫寄主标记信息素也调节昆虫近缘种之间对共同寄主资源的竞争。近缘种昆虫对相互寄主标记信息素识别能力的差异反映了不同昆虫对同一寄主资源竞争能力的强弱。寄主标记信息素产生和贮存的部位一般与外分泌腺、消化系统或生殖系统相联系，杜氏腺、毒腺、前胸腺、腹腺、下唇腺、后产卵管、卵巢、中肠和后肠等是产生或贮存寄主标记信息素的常见部位。产生的寄主标记信息素一般在成虫产卵时由产卵器、口器或排泄口释放到寄主体内或体表。卵寄生蜂的寄主标记信息素一般标记在寄主的体表，雌成蜂用触角检测；其它寄生蜂的寄主标记信息素常产在寄主体内，用产卵器检测；植食性昆虫的寄主标记信息素只产在寄主表面，用触角或产卵器检测。昆虫的产卵器、口器、触角或跗节上着生有感受寄主标记信息素的化感器，可以检测到标记在寄主体内或体表的寄主标记信息素。昆虫寄主标记信息素的完全定性涉及活性化合物的分离、鉴定、合成以及行为测定等，已有几种昆虫的寄主标记信息素成分得到了分离鉴定。

Insect host marking pheromones

This paper reviews recent progress in the research of insect host marking pheromones. Insect host marking pheromones are chemical compounds produced by females and deposited on or into hosts to signal the presence of conspecific brood. The oviposition behavior of females is mediated by host marking pheromones. Females avoid laying eggs on host resources with host marking pheromones to reduce competition among their offspring. Host marking pheromones sometimes may bring adverse effects on the releaser, such as eavesdropping and cleptoparasitism. Host marking pheromones may also play a role in mediating the competition for host resources shared by closely-related species. The interspecific discrimination to host marking pheromones reflects the interspecific competition ability. The sites for production and/ or storage of host marking pheromones are usually associated with either the exocrine, digestive or reproductive systems such as Dufour's gland, poison gland, Malpighian tubules, phrothoracic gland, abdominal gland, mandibular gland, lateral oviduct, ovary, midgut, and hind gut. The host marking pheromones produced usually are deposited into and/or on the hosts by ovipositors, mouthparts or orifices used in defecation. Egg parasitoids tend to mark hosts externally and detect with antennae, while parasitoids utilizing other host stages tend to mark hosts internally and examine with ovipositors. Phytophagous insects deposit host marking pheromones exclusively on the surface of host plants and detect them with antennae and/or ovipositors. Insects use chemoreceptors on ovipositors, mouthparts, antennae or tarsi to detect marking pheromones. The routine of demonstrating the existence of marking pheromone includes isolation, identification, synthesizing of functional chemicals and bioassay. Several host marking pheromones have been isolated and identified.