我国害鼠不育控制研究进展

害鼠给人类带来巨大的经济损失,导致严重的生态问题。人们采用各种方法防治鼠害,其中不育控制是一种新的方法。不育控制即通过某种手段使雄性或和雌性绝育,或阻碍胚胎着床,甚至阻断幼体生长,以降低生育率。不育控制的概念最早在20世纪60年代提出,近年来,我国在利用不育技术控制害鼠方面做了大量研究,总结了国内该领域研究的部分结果。在实验室测试了多种不育剂。被测试的不育剂对相应的鼠类几乎都有不育作用;一些不育剂会影响鼠类的行为,这会减弱竞争性繁殖干扰的作用;一些不育剂在达到一定剂量后有致死作用,不育和灭杀的双重作用会产生更好的控制效果;还观察到不育个体的复孕现象,这会减弱控制效果;关于不育剂安全性的研究发现更昔洛韦和M001雄性不育灭鼠剂对家鸽没有任何毒性作用。大量野外实验证实不育剂对害鼠大都有较好的控制效果,实际控制中,控制面积不宜太小。利用数学模型所作的理论分析表明不育控制有不比灭杀控制差的效果;在决定种群是否灭绝上,不育率、灭杀率、选择性收获率等的作用是相同的。根据研究的实际情况,本文提出了一些今后研究中应注意的问题。无论在实验室还是野外,除了种群动态外,还要记录更详细的数据,以期对不育控制有更详细的了解。要加大不育剂对非靶向动物和环境影响的研究。在不育控制这种干扰下,害鼠种群的变化必然导致与其相关的种群也作出相应的变化,这一方面的研究需要进行。每种控制方式都有自己的特点,多种控制方法联合使用会达到更理想的效果。竞争性繁殖干扰现象是存在的,它使种群规模更小,在数学模型中,应体现出这一因素。

Research advances of contraception control of rodent pest in China

Rodent pests bring humans huge economic loss and cause serious ecological disaster. All kinds of methods were used to control rodent pests. Among them, contraception control is a new one. Contraception control is defined as, through certain measure, inducing the female or (and) male to sterilize, blocking implantation of embryo or interdicting development of juvenile individuals. Thus, contraception control can reduce birth rate of rodent pest population. The idea of contraception control was put forward in 1960s. In recent years, Chinese scientists made a lot of researches on controlling rodent pests with sterilants. In this paper, an overview of this kind research was given. In laboratory, many sterilants were tested and almost all sterilants can cause the relevant rodent to be sterile. Some sterilants may change behaviors of rodents and this would weaken the effect of competitive reproductive interference. Sterilants not only can cause rodent pests to be sterilize, but also can kill rodent pests with larger dosage, the double effects of sterilants imply preferable control results. Phenomenon of "resuming pregnancy" was detected and this would weaken control effect also. Research about safety of sterilants is less, now we only knew that the ganciclovir and M001 are safe for pigeons. Almost all field experiments verified that contraception control has better control effect. In control practice, the controlled area should large enough to guarantee better effect. Analysis of mathematical models shows that contraception control is not short of than lethal control. On determining whether rodent pest population becomes extinct, the contraception rate, kill rate, harvest rate etc have same effect. Based the overview, some advices in subsequent researches were given. Whether in laboratory experiments or in field experiments, other than the population dynamics, more detailed data is needed to comprehend contraception control thoroughly. It is urgent to know that whether sterilants are safe to non-target animals and the environment. A population links with other populations closely or loosely. The change of rodent pest population subjected to contraception control must induce change of other populations. The effect of contraception control on other populations is desired to know. Every control method possesses itself feature, the union of some control methods may reach better integrative results. The phenomenon of competitive reproductive interference is existent and it suppresses the rodent pest population further. In mathematical models the factor of competitive reproductive interference ought to be involved.