城市生态风险管理关键问题与研究进展

我国目前正处于社会经济转型和城市化进程加快时期,随着城市化发展和城市人居环境的变化,城市生态风险受到越来越多关注。在综述国内外城市生态风险管理研究进展,总结风险源与受体特点和风险评价方法的基础上,结合城市生态风险管理的需求,明确了城市生态风险的管理目标,将管理目标系统归纳划分为控制目标、调控目标和规划目标3个层次;在解析城市生态风险管理特点的基础上,结合风险管理目标从弹性力、动态管理性和空间异质性3个方面对生态风险管理措施与方案进行了总结分析,并进一步探讨了风险管理保障机制。从生态风险管理目标制定、构建城市生态系统特点的风险管理体系及其管理机制等方面提出了建议与展望,以期推动我国城市生态风险管理的发展。

Review on urban ecological risk management

With rapid urbanization and social-economic transformation, the changes of ecological structure, processes, and functions in urban ecosystems have resulted in the broad decline of environmental quality and ecosystem services. Thus, urban ecological risk management is important to regulate and protect urban ecosystems, which have many vital issues regarding regional sustainable development. Based on the review of researches on ecological risk management, and risk sources, receptor characteristics as well as risk evaluation methods in urban ecosystems, we defined the objectives of urban ecological risk management according to the need for risk management, which can be interpreted as control objectives, regulation objectives, and planning objectives. Of these, the control objectives focus on the protected entities and relative attributes. The regulation objectives are defined as cost-benefit analyses of corresponding risk prevention. Finally, the planning objectives integrate risk management into the blueprint of urban planning. Being oriented toward characteristics of urban ecosystem risk management, the methods and models of ecological risk management were analyzed based on the aspects of resilience, dynamic management, and spatial heterogeneity. Considering the character of vulnerability and resilience in urban ecosystems, the restoration and regulation function of natural ecosystems should receive more attentions. Furthermore, building an ecological infrastructure is a key point to enhance response capacity, with integration and optimization of different adaptive capabilities. Ultimately, building a resilient community is the basic unit of risk management, and its construction norms and design features should be incorporated into urban planning and construction to promote the substantial progress of urban risk management. The effects of managing actions should be analyzed in accordance with scenario analysis, considering the dynamic character of urban ecosystems, changes in the landscape, and risk prevention. Management that optimizes the ecological pattern should be integrated into urban planning. The risk map could provide significant information for the management of specific ecological risks, whereas the best management plan could be formatted considering the demand, and require coordination and trade-offs among key regulating services. The mechanisms of urban ecological risk management are discussed at the end of the article and suggestions on urban ecological risk management are put forward including specifying risk management objectives, building a risk management framework with urban characteristics, and establishing a management mechanism.