钱江源国家公园体制试点区日间声景观的质量评价及其空间格局特征

声景观在现行国家公园景观评价体系中，是一个十分重要但又薄弱的环节，关系着国家公园的精细化管理水平。以钱江源国家公园体制试点区为例，采用调查问卷法对国家公园日间的53种声景观进行主观愉悦度评价，考察并选取描述声景观质量的客观心理物理学指标，通过多元线性回归方法建立二者主客观关系，并得到国家公园声景观质量评价模型。结果表明：（1）不同类型声景观表现为不同的声学特征，并在响度、尖锐度、粗糙度指标上具有显著性差异。虫鸣声响度最大（5.829）、尖锐度最大（2.667）、粗糙度最大（0.018），鸟鸣声的尖锐度与其余六种声景观均显著差异。（2）采用响度、尖锐度、粗糙度、波动度作为描述声景观质量的客观心理物理学指标具有适宜性。其中，响度是影响公众对国家公园声景观主观愉悦度认知的主要因素，二者呈负相关关系。（3）采用K-均值聚类等级划分发现，国家公园声景观质量处于较高水平。其中，虫鸣声质量最高（3.86）、鸟鸣声其次（3.58）、交谈声最低（2.43）。自然声景观质量整体高于人工声景观。（4）国家公园声景观质量在空间上具有南部高、北部其次、中部低的格局特征，且与区域生态保护等级水平存在较强空间重叠性。研究结果为国家公园体制试点结束后，未来声景观科学管理与规划设计提供重要参考，同时为其它类型自然保护地的声景观评价提供方法借鉴。

Quality evaluation and spatial pattern characteristics of soundscape during daytime in Qianjiangyuan National Park system pilot area

Soundscape is a very important but weak link in the current national park landscape evaluation system, which is related to the fine management level of the national park. In this study, the Qianjiangyuan National Park system pilot area was taken as an example to evaluate the subjective pleasure of 53 kinds of national park soundscapes during daytime by using the questionnaire method. The objectively psychophysical indicators describing the soundscape quality were investigated and selected. The subjective and objective relationship between the two was established through multiple linear regression method, and the national park soundscape auditory quality evaluation model was obtained. The results show that:(1) different types of soundscapes presented different acoustic characteristics, and there were significant differences in loudness, sharpness and roughness. The highest loudness (5.829), sharpness (2.667), and roughness (0.018) of insect sound were found. The sharpness of birdsong was significantly different from the other six soundscapes. (2) It is suitable to use loudness, sharpness, roughness and volatility as objectively psychophysical indicators to describe the quality of soundscape. Among them, loudness is the main factor that affects the public''s perception of the subjective pleasure of the soundscape of the national park, and the two are negatively correlated. (3) Using k-means clustering classification, it was found that the soundscape auditory quality of the national park was at a high level. Among them, the quality of insect sound was the highest (3.86), followed by birdsong (3.58), and talking sound was the lowest (2.43). The quality of natural soundscape was higher than that of artificial soundscape. (4) The soundscape auditory quality of the national park had the spatial distribution characteristics of high in the south, second in the north and low in the middle, while there was a strongly spatial overlap with the level of regionally ecological protection. The research results provide important reference for the future soundscape scientific management and planning and design after the completion of the national park system pilot, and also provide a method reference for the soundscape evaluation of other types of nature reserves.