卡拉麦里山有蹄类野生动物自然保护区蒙古野驴生境格局动态及其成因分析

人类干扰导致的生境丧失与破碎化严重影响野生动物生存。基于2005年至2019年在新疆卡拉麦里山有蹄类野生动物自然保护区开展野外调查所获数据，选取影响蒙古野驴生境选择的关键环境因子，采用最大熵模型（MaxEnt）模拟矿业开发前（2005年）、矿业开发顶峰时（2011年）以及矿区生态修复和道路修建（2019年）三个时期的蒙古野驴适宜生境空间分布。选取相关的景观格局指数，分析了近15年来保护区内蒙古野驴生境格局的变化趋势。结果显示蒙古野驴的适宜生境主要分布于保护区中部，水源是影响蒙古野驴生境质量的关键自然因素。2005-2019年间该保护区蒙古野驴的生境经历了由较好状态到恶化，随后逐渐恢复的过程。矿业开发前蒙古野驴高适宜生境面积最大（2022.31 km²），生境破碎化程度低，总体生境质量较好。矿业开发顶峰时蒙古野驴的适宜生境向保护区北部转移，适宜生境大面积丧失，其中高适宜生境面积减少了30.28%，且生境斑块面积小，形状不规则、离散和破碎化程度高，严重威胁蒙古野驴生存。矿区生态修复和道路建设后，大多数已修复的矿区重新成为蒙古野驴的适宜生境，保护区内蒙古野驴适宜生境面积较矿业开发时增加了556.31 km²，但仍处于破碎隔离状态；道路沿线适宜生境丧失严重，蒙古野驴对其明显回避。基于上述研究结果，针对蒙古野驴生境保护提出了具体措施，为卡山保护区蒙古野驴生境恢复及保护提供了科学依据。

Habitat pattern dynamics and cause analysis of Equus hemionus in Kalamaili Mountain Ungulate Nature Reserve, Xinjiang

Habitat loss and fragmentation caused by human disturbance has seriously affected the survival of wildlife. We investigated key environmental factors that affected Khulan (Equus hemionus) habitat preferences in the Xinjiang Kalamaili Mountain Ungulate Nature Reserve, and used a maximum entropy model (MaxEnt) to simulate the spatial distribution of suitable habitat for Khulan during three distinct time-periods: 1) before mining development (2005), 2) at the peak of mining development (2011), and 3) after ecological restoration and road construction (2019). The data was based on field survey data from 2005 to 2019. In the meantime, the landscape pattern indices were chosen to analyze the dynamic change trend of Khulan''s habitat pattern during past 15 years. We found that the suitable habitat for Khulan was mainly located in the central part of the reserve, with water availability being a key factor affecting habitat quality for Khulan. From 2005 to 2019, the habitat of Khulan in the reserve experienced a process from good condition to deterioration, and then gradually recovered. Before mining development, the area of highly suitable habitat was the largest (2022.31 km²), with a low degree of habitat fragmentation, and habitat quality was generally well during this time-period. At the peak of mining development, the bulk of suitable habitat lost and shifted to the north of the reserve, among which the area of highly suitable habitat decreased by 30.28%. The remaining highly suitable habitat was in small, irregular, scattered and fragmented patches, which seriously threatened the survival of Khulan. After ecological restoration of the mining area, most of the restored mining area changed to the suitable habitat again, and the suitable habitat area of Khulan increased by 556.31 km² compared with the mining development, however, they still suffered from fragmentation and isolation. Additionally, with many roads were built, Khulan obviously avoided it, and thus the habitat along these roads was also lost. Based on the results, the specific suggestions have been put forward for the habitat protection of Khulan. The study provides scientific basis for the habitat restoration and protection of the Khulan in the Xinjiang Kalamaili Mountain Ungulate Nature Reserve.