三江自然保护区自然和干扰湿地节肢动物群落组成和生态指示

节肢动物是湿地生物多样性的重要组分,在维持湿地生态功能,指示湿地环境变化中发挥重要作用。在2020年7月对黑龙江三江国家级自然保护区沼泽湿地的23个采样点进行节肢动物样品采集,运用统计方法分析人类活动干扰对湿地节肢动物数量、群落组成、多样性的影响以及节肢动物对人类活动干扰的指示作用。共采集到节肢动物10目47科1825只,主要以双翅目和半翅目昆虫为主。自然湿地节肢动物的多度是干扰湿地的4.27倍;生物多样性指数在不同湿地类型之间存在一定差异,节肢动物的物种丰富度在自然湿地显著高于干扰湿地(P<0.05),而Pielou均匀度指数在干扰湿地显著高于自然湿地(P<0.05)。人类活动干扰对湿地节肢动物群落组成影响显著,聚类和非度量多纬尺度排序(NMDS)显示,两种湿地类型节肢动物群落结构相似性较低。指示值法分析显示,自然湿地的指示类群为叶甲科、蚁形甲科、叶蝉科、蚜科、盲蝽科、摇蚊科以及姬蜂总科,干扰湿地未发现指示类群。综上所述,湿地节肢动物对人类活动干扰响应十分敏感,可以作为指示湿地健康状况的关键生物类群。

Composition and indicative characteristics of arthropod communities in natural and disturbed wetlands of the Sanjiang Nature Reserve

Arthropods constitute a large proportion of biological diversity in wetlands, playing an important role in maintaining ecological function and being useful indicators of wetland environmental conditions. In order to study the effects of human activities on the composition and diversity of arthropods and their indicative characteristics, the arthropod communities were collected in 23 natural and disturbed wetlands in the Sanjiang National Nature Reserve in July 2020. A total of 1825 individuals were collected, belonging to ten orders and 47 families, and Diptera and Hemiptera insects were the dominant taxonomic groups. The abundance of arthropods in natural wetlands was 4.27 times higher than that in the disturbed wetlands. The species richness of arthropods was significantly higher in natural wetlands than in disturbed wetlands (P<0.05), while Pielou''s evenness index was higher in disturbed wetlands than that in natural wetlands (P<0.05). Clustering and non-metric multidimensional scale analysis (NMDS) analysis indicated that the arthropod assemblages in disturbed wetlands significantly differed from natural wetlands. Chrysomelidae, Anthicidae, Aphididae, Cicadellidae, Miridae, Chironomidae, and Ichneumonoidea were indicators for natural wetlands, while no indicators were found in disturbed wetlands. Our results demonstrate that wetland arthropods are very sensitive to human disturbance and can be used as key groups to evaluate the wetland ecosystem health.