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世界蜘蛛的分布格局及其多元相似性聚类分析
引用本文:申效诚,张保石,张锋,刘新涛.世界蜘蛛的分布格局及其多元相似性聚类分析[J].生态学报,2013,33(21):6795-6802.
作者姓名:申效诚  张保石  张锋  刘新涛
作者单位:河南省农科院植物保护研究所 郑州,保定学院生化系 保定,河北大学生命科学学院 保定,河南省农科院植物保护研究所 郑州
基金项目:河南省基础和前沿技术(082300430370)收稿日期修订日期* 通讯作者 Corresponding author. E-mail: shenxiaoc@126.com
摘    要:蜘蛛是一类种类繁多、数量巨大、分布广泛的捕食性生物。至2012年底,全世界共有蜘蛛43678种(包括亚种),隶属于112科3898属。科、属、种3个分类阶元的分布域非常悬殊,90%的种分布在一个界内,90%的科是跨界分布或全球分布。按行政区域,亚洲种类较多,欧洲较少,南极洲没有蜘蛛记录;按动物地理区域,古北界和新热带界较多,新北界较少。根据地理条件、生态条件和蜘蛛的分布状况,将全球陆地分为53个基础地理单元,用申效诚等新近提出的相似性通用公式和据此创立的多元相似性聚类分析方法,分别对属、种两级的分布进行分析,得到两个聚类结构相同、聚类关系合理的支序图,而且属级的支序图层次更为分明,在相似性水平为0.32时,53个基础地理单元聚为17个小单元群,在0,22水平上,又聚为8个大单元群。这些大、小单元群的组成单元地域相邻相连,生态条件相对一致,可以作为蜘蛛地理区划的界、亚界两个层级。和华莱士主要以哺乳动物建立的世界动物地理区划相比,主要差异是:1、古北界东、西两部分差异显著,可分设两界;2、新西兰和澳洲大陆相似性较低,可单独设界;3、新几内亚和太平洋岛屿与澳洲大陆的关系远于和东洋界的关系,华莱士线在两界间的作用似乎不存在; 4、新热带界的中美地区似乎属于新北界更为合适,并由此产生了南北美洲间的紧密联系;5、新北界与古北界的相似性关系弱于与新热带界的关系,全北界的概念几近消失。前两点差异可以从地球板块构造的变动得到解释,第3、5个差异已在植物和其它生物类群得到佐证,第4个差异尚不稳定,需要更多类群的比较与分析。使用多元相似性聚类分析方法对于如此典型的点状分布的生物类群和如此海量的数据,能够得到如此精细的,既符合地理学、统计学的逻辑,又符合生物学、生态学逻辑的定量分析结果,这在国内外都是首次成功尝试,其简便性和合理性将会促使在其它类群中的应用。

关 键 词:蜘蛛  分布  生物地理  多元相似性聚类分析
收稿时间:7/8/2012 12:00:00 AM
修稿时间:2013/5/13 0:00:00

Worldwide distribution and multivariate similarity clustering analysis of spiders
SHEN Xiaocheng,ZHANG Baoshi,ZHANG Feng and LIU Xintao.Worldwide distribution and multivariate similarity clustering analysis of spiders[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2013,33(21):6795-6802.
Authors:SHEN Xiaocheng  ZHANG Baoshi  ZHANG Feng and LIU Xintao
Institution:Henan academy of agricultural sciences,,,
Abstract:Spiders have the greatest number of individuals and species, and the widest distribution, of any predacious animals. As of December 31, 2012, a total of 43,678 spider species and subspecies belonging to 3898 genera and 112families have been reported worldwide. With respect to the three categories of species, genus, and family, distribution areas differ greatly: 90% of species are limited to a single realm, whereas 90% of families are found in at least two realms, with many distributed worldwide. Continental distributions also vary. Asia has the greatest number of spider species, with a smaller number in Europe and none in Antarctica. The greatest number of species is found in Palaearctic and Neotropical realms, the fewest in the Nearctic realm. In this study, we divided world land areas into 53 basic geographic units based on geographical conditions, ecological conditions, and distribution patterns of all known spiders. We then analyzed species and genus distributions using a similarity general formula (SGF) and multivariate similarity clustering analysis (MSCA). In the resulting genus-based tree, all basic geographic units are clustered into 8 groups and 17 subgroups at similarity levels of 0.22 and 0.32, respectively. The eight groups are designated as East Palaearctic, West Palaearctic, Oriental, Afrotropical, Australian, New Zealandian, Nearctic, and Neotropical kingdoms. The 17 subgroups, or subkingdoms, are distributed as follows: East Palaearctic kingdom (Siberian and East Asian subkingdoms), West Palaearctic kingdom (European and Central Asian subkingdoms), Oriental kingdom (Southeast Asian, New Guinea, and Pacific Ocean Islands subkingdoms), Afrotropical kingdom (West African, Southeast African, and Madagascar subkingdoms), Australian kingdom (East Australian and West Australian subkingdoms), New Zealandian kingdom (New Zealandian subkingdom), Nearctic kingdom (North American and Central American subkingdoms), and Neotropical kingdom (Amazon and Andes subkingdoms). Spider geographical divisions differ from those observed for mammals in several ways: 1) the Palaearctic realm is easily divided into eastern and western components; 2) there is a low similarity level between New Zealand and the Australian mainland, such that New Zealand can be considered to constitute its own kingdom; 3) New Guinea and Pacific Islands subkingdoms are more similar to the Oriental realm than to the Australian mainland, with no evident division between the two realms corresponding to Wallace's line; 4) Central America is more appropriately classified as belonging to the Nearctic realm; and 5) the Nearctic realm is more strongly related to the Neotropical realm than to the Palaearctic realm. The first and second observed differences can be explained by earth plate tectonics and differing evolutionary histories of spiders and mammals. The third and fifth geographical distributional patterns by which spiders differ from mammals are similar to those uncovered from biogeographical studies of plants and other groups. Analyses with additional examples are needed to elucidate the reason for the fourth difference. The application in this study of SGF and MSCA-techniques developed in recent years by the first author-represents the first reported quantitative analysis of typical point-forms and vast amounts of distribution information to successfully generate results that are statistically, geographically, ecologically, and biologically logical. This approach should be applicable to additional animal groups.
Keywords:spider    distribution    biogeography    multivariate similarity clustering analysis
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