海河流域湿地生态系统服务功能价值评价

摘要：海河流域湿地生态系统给人类提供了许多重要的产品和服务，但在社会经济发展的过程中，这些服务并没有完全被认识到，给海河流域社会经济的可持续发展造成了一定的影响。本研究结合海河流域湿地生态系统的特征、结构及过程，将海河流域湿地生态系统服务功能划分为提供产品功能、调节功能、支持功能及文化服务功能4大类，以2005年为基准年，评价了海河流域湿地生态系统所提供的12类生态系统服务，将这12类服务功能划分为具有直接使用价值的产品和具有间接使用价值的服务。结果表明，海河流域湿地生态系统提供的12类生态系统服务的总价值为4123.66?108元，其中直接使用价值和间接使用价值分别为257.46?108元和3866.20?108元，间接使用价值是直接使用价值的15.02倍。海河流域单位面积的湿地生态系统提供的生态系统服务功能价值为47.05?104元/hm2，高于单位面积的GDP产值8.10?104元/hm2。研究认为海河流域湿地生态系统对支持和保护人类社会具有重要的作用，为管理者和决策者有效的保护和管理湿地提供了重要的信息。

Ecosystem services valuation of the Haihe River basin wetlands

The wetland ecosystem functions in the Haihe River basin provide people with both direct and indirect benefits, which are called ecosystem services. However, wetland ecosystem services have not been fully recognized or adequately quantified in past economic and social development. Rapid population growth and human development, such as land-use change and the over-exploitation of water resources, have resulted in wetland degradation and wetland lost,which in turn affects wetland ecosystem functions and service delivery. In order to protect the wetlands in the Haihe River basin from continued degradation and lost,policy makers must consider the multiple services derived from wetland ecosystems. In this paper,we divided the wetland ecosystem services of the Haihe River basin into four categories: provisioning,regulating,cultural and supporting services, and their respective ecosystem characteristics, structures and processes were considered. We assessed and evaluated 12 ecosystem services from wetlands in the Haihe River basin for 2005. The value of Haihe River basin's wetland ecosystem services was 4123.66×10⁸ Yuan RMB with an indirect use value of 3866.20×10⁸ Yuan RMB,accounting for 93.76% of the total value,which was 15.02 times greater than the direct use value. According to the evaluation, the services were ranked from greatest to lowest benefit as: climate regulation, flood control,surface water regulation,aquatic products,recreation and tourism,water supply for daily uses and other sectors, groundwater replenishment,hydro-power generation,carbon sequestration, oxygen release ,water purification,and reed production. The value of climate regulation,flood control and surface water regulation was 2184.50×10⁸Yuan RMB, 914.89×10⁸Yuan RMB and 744.65×10⁸Yuan RMB,accounting for 93.22% of the total value assessed. In 2005, wetland area covered only 2.76% of the total area of the Haihe River basin. Despite the high economic gains associated with rapid development, GDP per hectare was 8.10×10⁴ Yuan RMB and the total wetland benefits per hectare was 47.05×10⁴ Yuan RMB, thus the per hectare benefit from wetlands was substantially greater. The continued lost of wetlands in the Haihe River basin could threaten the production of all wetland ecosystem services since the relationship between lost wetland acreage and marginal social cost is likely non-linear. Our study suggests that the Haihe River basin wetlands are important in supporting and protecting human well-being. The evaluation can inform future cost-benefit and tradeoff analyses regarding wetland protection in the Haihe River basin. Our study provides decision-makers with important information for effective management of wetland ecosystems.