鸟类分子系统地理学研究进展

分子系统地理学是当代生物地理学的重要分支，是以分子生物学方法重建种内和种上水平的系统发育关系，阐释进化历史，并通过分析近缘生物类群的系统发育关系与其空间和时间分布格局间的相关性构建生物区系历史的研究，是分子生物学与生物地理学结合的产物。中性进化学说和溯祖理论分析的建立，以及线粒体DNA和微卫星标记等分子遗传标记的应用，为分子系统地理学研究的开展提供了理论和实践基础。近年来，分子系统地理方法在鸟类学研究中的应用揭示了许多不同于传统认知的发现，为准确而深入的了解鸟类分子系统地理格局的差异和不同类群的起源中心提供了新颖的证据。目前的研究多从隔离分化说和扩散说的角度对鸟类分子系统地理格局的成因进行分析，而迁徙行为不同对鸟类系统地理格局的影响为成因的解释提供了新的角度。结合区域特点的比较分子系统地理研究，在更广泛的地域和更多类群中开展研究是我国鸟类分子系统地理研究的方向。此外，展望了第二代测序技术对分子生态生物地理研究具有的潜在促进作用。

Theoretical backgrounds and recent advances in avian molecular phylogeography

Molecular phylogeography is an important sub-discipline of biogeography, which utilizes the molecular biological techniques to reconstruct the phylogenies of organisms at intra-species and inter-species levels, thus trace the evolutionary history and understand the historical nature of the biota. The neutral and coalescent theories provide theoretical framework for the phylogeographic studies. Mitochondrial DNA and microsatellites are most broadly used genetic markers. Recent advance has been made for birds in Europe and North America. These studies have revealed that that the various spatial distribution patterns and the centers of origin in the species-specific level, and identified different phylogeographic patterns either as the result of vicariance or dispersal. Moreover, differentiation on the migration behaviors between avian species has been recognized as the considerable factor in influencing the phylogeographic patterns. Compared with these two regions, avian phylogeography in China is newly started and more comparative phylogeographic studies are required for different geographical regions and species. Meantime, the usage of next-generation sequencing methods will potentially accelerate our understanding of avian phylogeography in the near future.