景观生态学与退化生态系统恢复

退化生态系统的恢复是一项艰巨任务，它需要考虑到所要恢复的退化生态系统的结构，多样性和其动态的整体性和长期性。现在对于退化生态系统恢复研究已经要使生态学家们关注受损生态系统的理论和实际问题。退化生态系统恢复所面临的挑战是理解和利用生态演替理论来完成并加速恢复进程。恢复的主要目标是建立一个自维持的，由不同的群落或生态系统组成的能够满足不同需要如生物保护和粮食生产需要的景观。景观生态学关注于大的空间尺度的生态学问题。景观生态学研究方法可以为退化生态系统恢复实践提供指导。在解决退化生态系统的恢复问题时，景观生态学的方法在理论和实践上是有效的。景观生态学中的核心概念和其一般原理斑块形状、生态系统间相互作用、镶嵌系列等都同退化生态系统的恢复有着密切的关系。如恢复地点的选择和适当的恢复要素的空间配置。在评价退化生态系统的恢复是否取得成功，利用景观生态学也具有重要的意义。景观生态学理论如景观格局与景观异质性理论，干扰理论和尺度理论都能够指导退化生态系统的恢复实践。同样地，退化生态系统的恢复可以为景观生态学的研究提供非常恰当的实验场。寓景观生态学思想于退化生态系统恢复过程是一种新的有效途径。

Landscape ecology and restoration of degraded ecosystems

The ecological restoration of degraded ecosystem is a difficult undertaking which requires a global and long-term view of the structure, diversity, functioning and dynamics of the ecosystem in question. The study of degraded ecosystem has alerted ecologists to some of the problems associated with both the practical and the theoretical issues of rehabilitating damaged ecosystems. The challenge of degraded system restoration is to understand and exploit the principles of ecological succession at all stages, by complementing and accelerating the processes of colonization and regeneration. The main aim is to construct self-sustaining, appropriate ecosystems, connected in the landscape, that meet conservation, landscape and crop production goals. A landscape-level approach may be useful in addressing restoration topics that are of both theoretical and practical concern. Landscape ecology focuses on questions typically related to broad spatial scales. Landscape approach embraces spatial heterogeneity, consisting of a number of ecosystems and landscape structures of different types, as a central theme. Landscape ecology theories such as landscape heterogeneity and patterns theory, distribution and scale theory can guide the practice of restoration. Landscape studies may aid restoration efforts in a variety of ways, including provision of better guidance for selecting reference sites and establishing project goals and suggestions for appropriate spatial configurations of restored elements to facilitate recruitment of flora/fauna. Likewise, restoration efforts may assist landscape-level studies, given that restored habitats, possessing various patch arrangements or being established among landscapes of varying diversity and conditions of human alteration, can provide extraordinary opportunities for experimentation over a large spatial scale. Restoration studies can facilitate the rate of information gathering for expected changes in natural landscapes for which introduction of landscape elements may be relatively slow. Moreover, data collected from restoration studies can assist in validation of dynamic models of current interest in landscape ecology. We submit that restoration and landscape ecology have an unexplored mutualistic relationship that could enhance research and application of both disciplines.