中国北方农牧交错带优化生态-生产范式

中国北方农牧交错带具有生态、生产双重功能，在国民经济发展中具有重要战略地位。构建优化生态生产范式是对其进行科学管理的一种有效方式。优化生态-生产范式是应用生态经济学原理与系统科学方法，以生态恢复与重建为目标，以多用途资源利用和景观生态设计为核心，以生物-自然和社会-经济综合分析为基础，结合现代科学成果和传统农牧业技术的精华而建立起来的结构优化、功能持续、经济可行的农林牧复合经营系统的范例。文章对优化生态生产范式的配置以及配套技术的研究现状进行了综述，提出在构建优化生态生产范式的过程中应当遵守规模的发展与土地承载能力相适应的原则、限制因子原则、景观异质性与尺度的原则以及生态、经济和社会效益统一的原则。针对目前范式研究中着重经济效益、研究尺度单一、缺乏学科间的综合和集成、效益评价体系不完善等一些问题，指出了今后范式研究的趋势，认为今后的研究应重视基础理论和应用技术的研究、对现有范式进行调整和优化、建立统一的评价体系、量化范式适宜程度和优化程度。在基础研究方面应主要集中在主要的农业生态系统对不同人为干扰响应的形式和实质，研究确定一系列重要的生态经济阈值；应用技术方面应注重于调整产业结构，积极发展高科技产业，提高产投比。对范式实施后的各项生态经济指标进行动态监测，从而对范式进行适时调整与优化。对不同范式取得的效益进行横向的、定量的研究，选择出最优的范式。同时，学科间的融入将成为范式研究中的又一特点。

A review on the study of optimized eco-productive paradigm in the farming-pastoral zone of North China

The farming-pastoral zone of northern China is a large-scale ecotone, which plays dual role both in the ecological function and biological production. It occupies a strategically important position in the national economy. Constructing the optimized eco-productive paradigm is an effective way to scientifically manage this zone. Optimized eco-productive paradigm means a model of combining ecological management system of grass and agro-forestry with optimum structure, sustainable function as well as economical feasibility. It rests on the synthetically analysis of the living beings-nature and the society-economy, aims at ecological restoration and reconstruction, and regards sustainable use of resources and landscape ecological design as the core. Construction and optimization of the paradigm should apply ecological economics theories and systematic scientific methods as well as combine the modern scientific achievements and the quintessence of traditional farming and animal husbandry technologies. In this paper, the current researches of the patterns and the corresponding technologies of eco-productive paradigm are reviewed. The necessary principles while establishing the eco-productive paradigm should be abided are highlighted, including the principle of the adaptation of developmental scale to land-bearing capacity, the principle of limiting factors, the principle of landscape heterogeneity and multiple scales, and the principle unifying ecological, economic and social benefit. At the same time, the following problems should be solved, such as overemphasizing economic benefits, researching on single scale, lacking the synthesis of and integrating with other subjects and the imperfect benefit appraisal system in the former studies of paradigm. Additional studies should pay attention to the theories and technologies, to adjusting and optimizing the existing paradigms, to discovering a unified appraisal system, and quantifying the degree of suitability and optimization of paradigm. The form and essence in which the main agricultural ecosystem responds to different artificial disturbances should be researched. A series of signifying ecological-economical threshold should be studied and ascertained. The study of application technologies should pay attention to adjusting of industrial structure, developing actively high-tech industry and raising the production-devotion ratio. Monitor the changes of eco-economical indexes after carried on the paradigm, and then optimize the paradigm in good time. Prosecute the horizontal, quantitative researches to benefits of different paradigm, and choose out the optimum one. Besides, the cross of subjects should become another trait in the further study of the paradigm.