经济发展模式对乡村生态系统服务价值保育和利用的影响——以鲁中山区三个村庄为例

生态系统服务在不同空间尺度支持人类的生存发展,人类活动也影响着生态系统服务功能。行政村作为乡村地区社会经济的基本构成单位和典型的自然社会经济复合生态系统,其经济发展模式对生态系统服务具有重要影响。因此,以行政村为单位研究经济发展模式对生态系统服务价值保育和利用的影响,可为优化乡村经济结构,提升乡村生态系统服务价值提供决策支持。以鲁中山区3个地形地貌相似、经济发展模式迥异的毗邻行政村—房干村、富家庄村、安子湾村为研究对象,依据国际通用生态系统服务分类标准和评估方法,结合乡村生态系统小尺度特征,对各村9大类共15个生态系统服务功能指标进行了价值评估,并结合各村产业结构和土地利用特点,分析了经济发展模式对生态系统服务价值保育和利用的影响。结果表明:以生态旅游为主导的房干村生态系统服务功能价值总量最大,为10382.1万元/a;以养殖业为主导的富家庄村次之,为1203.1万元/a;以种植业为主导的安子湾村最低,为1191.9万元/a;单位面积(hm2)生态系统服务价值量也呈现相似的格局,房干村、富家庄村、安子湾村分别为8.8万元/a、5.9万元/a、3.7万元/a;经济发展模式通过影响土地利用影响生态系统服务价值积累和利用,进而影响人均经济收入和从生态系统服务获得的福利。因此,在乡村尺度合理布局土地利用类型,适度发展乡村旅游等低影响产业,有利于保育和提升生态系统服务价值,提高乡村经济收入,实现乡村环境和经济社会的持续发展。

Impacts of economic development models on ecosystem service values: a case study of three mountain villages in Middle Shandong, China

Ecosystem services support the survival and development of human beings at different spatial scales, and, in turn, human activities have an impact on ecosystem services. The administrative villages of rural China, which act as the basic socio-economic units and are typical compound social-economic-natural ecosystems, are facing the challenges of urbanization and rapid development. Ecosystem services at the village scale might be critically affected by the various economic development models that change and further influence human welfare. Exploring the impacts of different economic development models on the conservation and use of ecosystem service values (ESV) at the village scale should support decision making when attempting to raise ecosystem services and human welfare. Interactions between development models and ecosystem services have frequently been highlighted at the global and regional scales, but the ways that development models drive ecosystem services, and therefore, human welfare, at such a small scale have been under-reported and are poorly understood. To reveal the impacts of development models on ecosystem services at the village scale, this study considered (1) whether development models can increase or decrease the ESV at the village scale and (2) how development models drive the ESV at the village scale. Three adjacent villages in the Middle Shandong area of China, which had similar natural surroundings but different development models, were considered for this case study. We used the Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services (CICES) and other proven evaluation methods to assess the values of 15 classes of ecosystem service functions and/or products belonging to nine categories that were present in rural ecosystems. We also analyzed the impacts of different economic development models on the conservation and application of ESV by combining industrial structure and land use patterns in the three villages. The results showed that Fanggan Village, dominated by ecotourism, had the largest ESV at RMB 10382.1×10⁴yuan/a; Fujiazhuang, where livestock were a feature, had the second largest ESV at 1203.1×10⁴yuan/a; and Anziwan, characterized by crop production, had the lowest ESV at 1191.9×10⁴yuan/a. There was a similar unit area pattern for ESV among the three villages: Fanggan, Fujiazhuang, and Anziwan, with 8.8×10⁴yuan, 5.9×10⁴yuan, and 3.7×10⁴yuan of ESV per year per hectare, respectively. We concluded that the economic development models affected conservation and application of ESV at the village scale. This was mediated by the change in land use and marketization of ESV, which subsequently influenced average economic income and the ecological welfare provided by the ecosystem services. Thus, optimizing patterns of land use to develop low-impact industries, such as ecotourism, can stimulate conservation and increase ESV and economic income in rural areas, and so sustain the rural environment and socio-economy. In addition, turning more ESV into markets by developing sustainable industries helps balance ESV with local development. We also highlighted the importance of increasing understanding of the interactions between development models, land use, and ESV at the village scale. We noted that some technical problems, including scale transition, indicator framing, and modifications of valuation methods, should be addressed in the future. Our research has provided solid evidence and practical methods that demonstrate the potential impacts of development models on ESV at a village scale, and will help decision makers to avoid decreasing ESV during rapid urbanization and development.