宁夏沙坡头干旱沙漠自然保护区生态系统稳定性评估

稳定性是生态系统的基本特征之一，也是决定生态系统兴亡的重要特征。宁夏中卫沙坡头国家级自然保护区是位于干旱沙漠区以荒漠为背景的自然保护区，具有脆弱性（生态与环境）、过渡性（草原向荒漠、沙漠向城市）与复合性（自然与人工生态系统并存）的特点，对其进行生态系统稳定性评估研究，对于维护腾格里沙漠西南缘生态安全和实现宁夏中卫市社会经济持续健康发展具有重要意义。在总结国内外生态系统稳定性评估研究基础上，基于稳定性三维内涵（恢复力稳定性、抵抗力稳定性和演替稳定性）、评估指标构建（原则与逻辑框架及指标体系）、评估方法确立（红绿灯综合评估法）等，针对性地开展沙坡头国家级自然保护区生态稳定性示范性评估，发现：1）近20年19个单项指标中，多数指标情况趋于变好，少部分进一步恶化，保持基本稳定仅两个。2）影响生态系统稳定性的要素由群落组成为主转变为以生境条件为主；2001年、2005年、2007年、2010年、2012年和2014年6个关键年份中，生态系统稳定性3个内涵对稳定性的贡献基本以抵抗力稳定性或恢复力稳定性为主。3）保护区整体生态稳定指数ESI由0.41增至0.661，稳定状态从临界到稳定，总体上保护区生态系统稳定性增强。这主要得益于长期的治沙防沙与生态修复工程实施、大规模推沙造林、各种生态监测和维护、大规模取黄河水灌溉等。

Assessment of the ecosystem stability of Shapotou Arid Desert Nature Reserve in Ningxia, China

Stability is an important characteristic of the ecosystem that determines the rise and fall of ecosystems. Ningxia Zhongwei Shapotou National Nature Reserve is a nature reserve in an arid desert area, with the desert as the background. This protected area has the characteristics of vulnerability (ecology and environment), transition (grassland to desert and desert to city), and complexity (coexistence of natural and artificial ecosystems). Evaluation of ecosystem stability in Shapotou Reserve is of great significance for maintaining the ecological security of the southwestern margin of Tengger Desert and sustainable and healthy development (social and economic) of Zhongwei City. On the basis of summarizing the research on the stability evaluation of ecosystems at home and abroad, in this paper, we have defined the three-dimensional connotation of stability (resilience, resistance, and succession stability). We also performed a demonstrative assessment of the ecological stability of Shapotou National Nature Reserve from three aspects:defined three-dimensional stability (resilience, resistance, and succession stability), constructed evaluation indicators (principle and logical framework), and established assessment methods (traffic light comprehensive assessment method). The results were as follows:(1) In the past 20 years, of 19 individual indicators, most of the indicators tended to improve, a few deteriorated further, and two remained basically stable. (2) Factors that affect the stability of the ecosystem were changed from community composition to habitat conditions. In the six key years of 2001, 2005, 2007, 2010, 2012, and 2014, resistance or resilience contributed the most to ecosystem stability. (3) The overall ecological stability index of protected areas increased from 0.41 to 0.661, and the trend was from critical point to stable point. Overall, the stability of regional ecosystems has increased. This was mainly due to the implementation of long-term sand control and ecological restoration projects, large-scale reforestation projects, ecological monitoring and maintenance, and large-scale irrigation of the Yellow River water.