用海建设项目海洋生态损失补偿评估方法及应用

海洋生态补偿是一种防止海洋生态破坏、增强和促进海洋生态系统良性发展的环境政策,是用海者履行海洋资源有偿使用责任,对因开发利用海洋资源造成的海洋生态价值损失进行的货币化补偿。基于快速化、定量化和差别化补偿评估原则,编制了山东近海海域生态价值基准值表、生态损害系数表以及补偿系数表,建立了一种新的用海建设项目海洋生态损失补偿评估方法体系,包括占用海域和邻近影响海域的海洋生物资源和海洋生态系统服务两个方面的海洋生态价值损失补偿评估。针对2016年山东省5个典型用海项目,核算了其需要缴纳的海洋生态补偿资金,并与旧标准《山东省海洋生态损害赔偿和损失补偿评估方法》(DB37/T 1448—2009)的评估结果进行了对比。结果表明,按照本评估方法,用海企业需要缴纳的生态补偿资金会不同程度地提高,这将有利于用海企业增强资源有偿使用意识,引导企业理性用海,市场经济条件下这有利于海洋资源的优化配置,提高用海效率;另外,按照产业政策不同、受影响海域的生态脆弱性不同对用海建设项目造成的海洋生态损失进行差别化补偿,使得海洋生态补偿标准的评估结果更加科学合理。目前,该方法已经应用于山东海域7个沿海地市9个海区的海洋生态损失补偿评估中,被新发布的山东省地方标准《用海建设项目海洋生态损失补偿评估技术导则》(DB37/T 1448—2015)吸收采用。该评估方法可为海洋管理部门的生态资本核算、生态补偿核算、环评审批和发放许可证提供科学基础,对我国海洋生态环境保护和海洋经济绿色发展以及生态补偿制度实施具有积极推动作用。

Assessment method and application of compensation for marine ecological loss caused by marine construction projects

Marine ecological compensation is a policy that prevents ecological damage to seas and enhances and promotes the benign development of the marine environment. Marine ecological compensation is also monetary compensation for the loss caused by developing and utilizing marine resources by sea users. On the basis of the evaluation principle of rapidness, quantitative, and differential compensation, tables of the base value of marine ecological capital, ecological damage coefficient, and compensation coefficient were compiled and a new assessment system for compensation of marine ecological loss caused by marine construction projects was developed by us. The compensation for marine ecological value loss consists of two aspects: one is compensation for the loss of marine living resources, and the other is compensation for the loss of marine ecosystem services. Both compensations apply to the constructed sea area and nearby sea area. In addition, the ecological compensation funds of five typical cases of sea-use projects being appraised in 2016 are accounted and compared with the evaluation results obtained using the old local standard. The results indicate that the need-to-pay compensation funds are increased in terms of the new evaluation method, which is beneficial to strengthen consciousness of the paid use of resources and guide enterprises to use the sea rationally, and also to optimally allocate marine resources and improve the sea-use efficiency under conditions of the market economy. Moreover, according to the different industrial development policies and ecological vulnerability of the affected areas, differential compensation for marine ecological loss is implemented, which is more scientific and reasonable for the evaluation results. At present, the method has been applied for the evaluation of compensation for marine ecological loss caused by marine construction projects from seven coastal cities and nine plotted sea areas in Shandong jurisdictional seas and approved by academia and the marine administrative departments. This evaluation method has been adopted by the new local standard named "Technical Directives of Assessment of Compensation for Marine Ecological Loss Caused by Marine Construction Projects" (DB37/T 1448-2015). In conclusion, the new evaluation method can provide the key technical means for the accounting of marine ecological capital, ecological compensation, and the approval and licensing of marine environmental assessment of the sea-use enterprises. Furthermore, it offers a scientific basis for fast, quantitative, and comprehensive assessment of the marine ecological compensation business and plays a positive role in promoting marine ecological environmental protection and green development of China''s marine economy.