延安市生态修复双赢模式实证研究

"越穷越垦、越垦越穷"的贫困陷阱是困扰全球可持续发展的学术难题之一,探索摆脱贫困陷阱的有效途径,是生态修复的核心目标。因此,生态修复不仅要依据当地气候与地理条件开展生态治理,同时要改变当地居民的生产生活行为,发展有利于生态修复的绿色产业,使当地居民的生产生活行为既可以提高收入、改善生活,又有利于生态修复。从而摆脱"越穷越垦、越垦越穷"的被动局面,实现生态修复与居民生计改善的双赢目标。为了验证这一模式的可行性,该研究在退耕还林项目实施的基础上,通过补短板的方式,在延安市开展了生态修复双赢模式实证研究。结果表明,新方案实施前,延安市NDVI增长速度是陕西省平均水平的41%;新方案实施后,是陕西省平均水平的195%,新方案的贡献率为74.0%。双赢模式较好解决了环境保护与社会经济发展彼此分离的这一矛盾,提高了生态修复的治理效果,为我国生态脆弱区精准扶贫和生态文明建设提供了理论依据和治理样板。

Test of a win-win path for ecological restoration in Yan'an City, China

Desertification is caused by the interaction between climate change and human activity. Therefore, a win-win strategy that both restores the environment and ensures a sustainable livelihood for those who are affected by the restoration project is the most desirable solution. However, because researchers in the natural sciences and the humanities rarely cooperate, few researchers have simultaneously studied the combination of environmental and socioeconomic factors during ecological restoration. As a result, previous ecological restoration programs have typically benefited one group of factors at the expense of the other group. Because of the complexity of the interactions between humans and ecosystems and a lack of previous research on these interactions, it is difficult to simultaneously improve ecological restoration and socioeconomic development. To achieve such a solution, we suggested and tested a new approach that we call A Win-win Path for Ecological Restoration. In this approach, we calculated the contribution of the key ecological and socioeconomic factors for vegetation cover change during historical ecological restoration projects; we also accounted for the effects of climate change and land degradation to design suitable ecological restoration measures. To confirm that this approach works, we tested it in Yan''an City, a region of China where the national Grain for Green program has been implemented since 1999 to identify weak links and find ways to improve them. We found that vegetation cover increased by only 41% at the level of Shaaxi Province from 1982 to 1999, and 195% from 1999 to 2016. The new approach accounted for a 74.0% increase in vegetation cover since 1999. The Grain for Green Program accounted for the remaining 26% of the increase. Policy developers and ecosystem managers must remember that despite the importance of ecological restoration, residents of project areas have a right to survive and achieve an acceptable standard of living. Our win-win approach permits this by accounting simultaneously for ecological restoration and poverty alleviation. Another advantage of our approach is that it emphasizes methods that encourage natural recovery of a degraded ecosystem instead of replacing it with a new ecosystem thatis less appropriate for the project area. Our results suggest that our method will help people who live in ecologically fragile areas to deal with the simultaneous effects of climate change and human activities.