大兴安岭北坡黑嘴松鸡越冬期种群密度及夜栖地利用

为了更深入地了解黑嘴松鸡的种群密度及其夜栖地利用情况,以期为后续的黑嘴松鸡保护管理提供科学的理论参考,2017—2018年1—2月采用样线法、定点观察法、样方法、因子测量法、因子分析法、GPS定位等方法,对大兴安岭北坡越冬期黑嘴松鸡的种群密度及夜栖地特征进行了调查分析。分析结果表明:(1)大兴安岭北坡越冬期,黑嘴松鸡种群密度为(1.18—8.06)只/km~2,即每平方千米分布有黑嘴松鸡1—8只;(2)黑嘴松鸡夜栖卧迹长为(52.64±9.28) cm、宽为(26.55±6.91) cm、高为(17.11±3.78) cm;(3)黑嘴松鸡夜栖地利用包括2个尺度3个选择,即大生境尺度内夜栖生境类型选择和小生境尺度内夜栖区选择、夜栖微生境选择;(4)夜栖生境类型对以兴安落叶松为优势树种的针阔混交林具有绝对的选择性(100%);夜栖区对林缘雪地和林中乔木树下的偏好利用较高(75.00%);夜栖微生境选择通过隐蔽因子、应急逃逸因子、温度因子来判定,隐蔽因子包括乔木密度和干扰区距离,选择具有高密度乔木的、远离人为干扰区(约为4.5 km)的区域;应急逃逸因子包括海拔、卧迹头端开阔度、乔木距离,选择高海拔的、卧迹头端具有开阔度的、贴近乔木(小于1 m)的位置;温度因子包括卧迹雪深、卧迹头端方位角,选择保温效果显著的、适合体尺指标的背风点(东南出口)。

Population density and nocturnal habitat utilization of Black-billed Capercaillie in the northern area of Greater Khingan Range

In order to gain more knowledge and to provide a scientific theory reference for the conservation and management of Black-billed Capercaillie, research on the population density and nocturnal habitat utilization of the Black-billed Capercaillie in the northern area of Greater Khingan Range during January 2017 to February 2018 was conducted by using the line transect method, fixed-point observation method, the sample method, factor measurement, factor analysis, and GPS positioning. The results showed that:(1) during wintering in the northern area of Greater Khingan Range, the population density of the Black-billed Capercaillie was (1.18-8.06) individuals/km², namely 1-8 individuals per km²; (2) the length, width, and depth of the nest for the nocturnal habitat of the Black-billed Capercaillie were (52.64±9.28) cm, (26.55±6.91) cm, (17.11±3.78) cm, respectively; (3) nocturnal habitat utilization of the Black-billed Capercaillie included two scales and three selection levels, such as nocturnal habitat type selection at the macro-habitat scale, nocturnal area selection, and nocturnal micro-habitat selection at the micro-habitat scale; (4) the Black-billed Capercaillie preferred mixed broadleaf-conifer forest with Larix gmelinii as the dominant tree species, the nocturnal habitat type (100.00%); snow area beside the forest edge, and area under the tree in the forest were preferred as the nocturnal area (75.00%); the nocturnal micro-habitat was selected according to the shelter factor, emergency escape factor, and temperature factor; among them the shelter factor included arbor density and disturbance area distance, the area with high arbor density was selected away (about 4.5 km) from the disturbance area; emergency escape factor included altitude, openness in nest exit, and arbor distance (less than 1 m); temperature factor included snow depth in the nest and the direction (angle) of nest exit, the lee side of an area with suitable temperature, fit for body measurement index, was selected.