景观空间异质性对生态系统服务形成与供给的影响

景观空间异质性与生态系统服务的关系极为密切,适当调整景观空间异质性有助于生态系统服务的持续形成与稳定供给。研究景观空间异质性和生态系统服务形成与供给之间的相互影响作用及响应机制具有重要的理论与现实意义,是保护生物多样性、管理生态系统服务与优化景观空间配置的基础。现有研究大多在不同尺度上探讨了景观格局与生态过程或生态系统服务间的相互影响关系,而缺乏景观格局-生态过程-生态系统服务三者间有效联结等方面的研究。景观空间异质性是怎样直接或间接地作用于生态系统服务形成与供给的,目前还没有一个较为明确的解释。因此,通过分析国内外文献,回顾了景观格局或景观空间异质性与生态系统服务之间关系的研究进展、研究内容和研究方法;从景观组成、景观构型的变化入手,讨论了景观空间异质性对生态系统服务形成与供给的影响及其强度,并认为景观组成异质性变化能够直接影响生态系统服务,而景观构型异质性变化会通过改变生态过程而间接影响生态系统服务;阐述了景观空间异质性在影响生态系统服务形成与供给的同时,也使生态系统服务在空间上产生了异质性分布,并从自然因素和人为因素两个方面对其进行解释;强调了尺度问题在景观空间异质性与生态系统服务研究中的重要性;最后,明确了对生态系统服务形成与供给的景观空间异质性影响研究不仅有助于生态系统服务的维持与调节,也能更深层次地揭示其中的生态学意义。

Effects of landscape spatial heterogeneity on the generation and provision of ecosystem services

Landscape spatial heterogeneity is intimately related to ecosystem services. Appropriately modifying landscape spatial heterogeneity can be beneficial in terms of the continuous generation and stabilized provision of ecosystem services. Research on the interaction and response mechanism between landscape spatial heterogeneity and ecosystem service generation and provision yield information of substantial theoretical and practical value, and also provide an essential foundation for biodiversity conservation, ecosystem service management, and landscape spatial optimization. Although previous studies have mainly discussed the interactions between landscape patterns and ecological process or ecosystem services, there has been relatively little attention paid to effective connections among landscape patterns, ecological processes, and ecosystem services. Consequently, it remains unclear how landscape spatial heterogeneity directly or indirectly affect the generation and provision of ecosystem services. Therefore, on the basis of existing literature, we reviewed the progress, content and methods of research on the relationship between landscape pattern or landscape spatial heterogeneity and ecosystem services. Starting with the variation in landscape composition and configuration, we discuss the effects of landscape spatial heterogeneity on the generation and provision of ecosystem services. We accordingly propose that changes in landscape compositional heterogeneity can affect ecosystem services directly, whereas changes in landscape configurational heterogeneity can affect ecosystem services indirectly through altering ecological process. When landscape spatial heterogeneity affects the generation and provision of ecosystem services, it simultaneously results in a more heterogeneous distribution of ecosystem services. This phenomenon can be explained in terms of both natural and anthropogenic factors. The importance of scale effects in the research on landscape spatial heterogeneity and ecosystem services is also emphasized. Understanding the effect of landscape spatial heterogeneity on the generation and provision of ecosystem services can not only contribute to sustaining and regulating ecosystem services but also reveal the underlying ecological principles associated with these interactions.