藏北高寒草地生态补偿机制与方案

根据藏北那曲高寒草地的生产力、季节放牧重要性、生态服务价值、生态环境敏感性,构建了基于草地亚类的功能分区模型,从空间上将高寒草地划分为适度生产功能区、减畜恢复功能区和禁牧封育功能区,据此构建了基于高寒草地功能分区的分级生态补偿模式,设计了高寒草地生态补偿的组织管理体系及流程、生态补偿的损益评估机制和约束奖惩机制；提出了针对不同功能区的生态补偿方案.根据藏北那曲高寒草地功能分区结果和不同功能区生态补偿内容和目标,确定生态补偿周期为5a,核算出适度生产功能区、减畜恢复功能区和禁牧封育保护功能区分别需要补偿资金19.4亿元、15.77亿元和0.6亿元,每年分别需补偿资金3.88亿元、3.16亿元和0.12亿元,5a全区共需补偿资金35.77亿元,年需7.16亿元.通过对高寒草地的功能分区分级生态补偿,对提高高寒草地的生态保护能力,增加牧民的经济收入,促进藏北高寒草地生态系统的可持续发展具有重要的理论和实践意义.

Mechanism and scheme of ecological compensation for alpine rangeland in the northern Tibet, China

Alpine rangeland in the Northern Tibetan region of China plays important role not only in yak and Tibetan sheep production, but also in the ecological safety shelter zone for China, even Southeast Asia region. However, the alpine rangeland degradation in this area has caused the water erosion, low economic development, and poor living of herders, which create a dilemma of sustainable development of the northern Tibetan region. Thus alpine rangeland degradation not only threatens the local ecological safety and life of the local residents, but also threatens further ecological security of the down-streams of the rivers and the Southeast Asia rivers. Ecological compensation is seen as an innovative approach to controlling degradation of rangeland by making compensation to rangeland users in return for adopting practices that secure rangeland ecosystem conservation and restoration of degradation alpine rangeland. Therefore, on the basis of closely combining the problems in natural science and economical development policy in social science, establishing effectively ecological compensation mechanism of rangeland by evaluating ecological services value of rangeland and is urgent to maintain ecological services function of rangeland and coordinate the relationships among population, resource environment and economic development, which will provide useful information for protecting rangelands from the further degradation and achieving sustainable development of ecological, economic and social. The aim of this study was to design the efficient mechanism and implementation scheme of ecological compensation for rangeland ecosystem in the northern Tibet regions. As a case of the study, four indicators, including productivity, importance of seasonal grazing, ecological services value, and ecological environmental sensitivity of each alpine rangeland subtype were applied to design the functional sectors model for rangeland management in this study for determining ecological compensation regions in the Naqu region of northern Tibet. This study classified alpine rangelands of the Naqu region in northern Tibet into the production sector with moderate grazing, restoration sector with reducing livestock number, and conservation sector by anti-grazing. In function sectors, the grades of ecological compensation were designed for alpine rangeland. On the basis of grading results, this study proposed the organization management system and its process, the profit and loss evaluation mechanism and constraint the mechanism of rewards and the punishments of ecological compensation. The corresponding ecological compensation plan was made in the Naqu region of northern Tibet. Based on the results of functional sectors and their grades, content and target of the ecological compensation for different functional area of alpine rangeland in the Naqu region of northern Tibet were established and presented, in which the ecological compensation period was considered as 5 yeares and the total ecological compensation fund for alpine rangeland of the Naqu region was 35.77 billion RMB, which was allocated 19.4 billion RMB for the moderate production sector, 15.77 billion RMB for restoration sector, and 0.6 billion RMB for conservation sector. The mechanism of ecological compensation for rangelange, based on the functional sectors and grading compensation, has important significance in theory and practice, which would provide the valuable information for alpine rangeland ecological protection, increase in economic income of herdsman and the sustainable development of alpine rangeland ecosystem.