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"蒸发悖论"在秦岭南北地区的探讨
引用本文:蒋冲,王飞,刘思洁,穆兴民,李锐,刘焱序."蒸发悖论"在秦岭南北地区的探讨[J].生态学报,2013,33(3):844-855.
作者姓名:蒋冲  王飞  刘思洁  穆兴民  李锐  刘焱序
作者单位:1. 西北农林科技大学资源环境学院,杨凌,712100
2. 西北农林科技大学资源环境学院,杨凌712100;中国科学院水利部水土保持研究所,杨凌712100
3. 北京大学遥感与地理信息系统研究所,北京,100871
4. 陕西师范大学旅游与环境学院,西安,710062
基金项目:国家自然科学基金(41171420);中国科学院水土保持研究所黄土高原土壤侵蚀与旱地农业国家重点实验室基金项目(10502-Z12-9);中荷联合主题研究项目渭河流域水环境问题综合治理对策研究(GJHZ1018)
摘    要:潜在蒸散量(ET0)是大气蒸发的估计值,已经广泛应用于灌溉管理和无实测蒸发资料地区的估算.分析ET0的时空变化是研究水资源对气候变化响应的基础工作,同时对于农业水资源的优化利用也具有重要意义.根据秦岭南北47个气象站1960-2011年逐日数据,利用FAO Penman-Monteith公式计算出各站的潜在蒸散量(ET0),研究了气温、降水与ET0之间的长期变化趋势关系,对导致ET0下降的主要原因进行了讨论,着重对秦岭南北地区是否存在“蒸发悖论”进行验证.结果表明:(1)秦岭南北整体气温经历了先降后升的变化过程,1993年为突变年份,1960-1993年的降温速率和1994-2011年的升温速率均表现出由南向北递减的规律,1960-2011年整体升温速率由北向南递减.(2)1979年和1993年是ET0变化的转折点,以1979和1993为界ET0经历了“升—降—降”的变化阶段.1960-1979年仅汉水流域和巴巫谷地存在“蒸发悖论”现象,1980-1993、1994-2011和1960-2011年3个时段区域整体和各子区均发现了“蒸发悖论”现象.秋季后18a和52a整体以及冬季前34a和52a整体均存在“蒸发悖论”现象,冬季最为明显.(3)近52年整体降水表现出不显著的下降趋势,相较于年尺度,夏季降水与ET0逆向变化趋势更为明显.(4)年尺度上,太阳辐射(日照时数)下降引起的潜热通量减少是造成ET0下降即“蒸发悖论”现象的主要原因.季节尺度,春季ET0下降的主导因素为风速,其它季节均为太阳辐射(日照时数).

关 键 词:秦岭南北  潜在蒸散量  蒸发悖论  气温  降水
收稿时间:2012/7/27 0:00:00
修稿时间:2012/10/26 0:00:00

Evaporation paradox in the northern and southern regions of the Qinling Mountains
JIANG Chong,WANG Fei,LIU Sijie,MU Xingmin,LI Rui and LIU Yanxu.Evaporation paradox in the northern and southern regions of the Qinling Mountains[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2013,33(3):844-855.
Authors:JIANG Chong  WANG Fei  LIU Sijie  MU Xingmin  LI Rui and LIU Yanxu
Institution:College of Resources and Environment, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling 712100, China;College of Resources and Environment, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling 712100, China;Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling 712100, China;Institute of Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China;College of Resources and Environment, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling 712100, China;Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling 712100, China;College of Resources and Environment, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling 712100, China;Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling 712100, China;College of Tourism and Environment Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
Abstract:Potential evapotranspiration (ET0), as an estimate of the evaporative demand of the atmosphere, it has been widely applied in irrigation management and predictions in ungauged basins. Analysis of ET0 spatial and temporal variation is the basic research on the impact of climate change on water resources, and is also important to the optimal allocation of agricultural water resources. In recent years, change trends in ET0 and its dominant factors across the different regions of the world have been studied by many researchers. Despite global warming,decreasing trends in ET0 have been detected in several countries including United States,Russia, India, China, Australia and New Zealand. Decreasing sunshine duration, declining wind speed and increasing relative humidity have been considered to be the main causes for the decreasing ET0. Northern and southern regions of the Qinling Mountains is far away from oceans, water shortage is a serious problem for agriculture in this area. So far, detailed investigation on the change trend in ET0 over this area has been lacking. In this study, based on the daily data from 47 meteorological stations in northern and southern regions of the Qinling Mountains between 1960 and 2011, ET0 was calculated by using FAO Penman-Monteith formula. We analyzed the change trend of ET0 and air temperature as well as the main factors affecting the decrease of ET0. It also discussed the existence of the "evaporation paradox", the results are as following. (1)Air temperature of the whole region experienced two periods which increased initially and then decreased, 1993 was abrupt change point. The decreasing rate between 1960 and 1993 as well as increasing rate between 1994 and 2011 both presented an pattern that declined from south to north, while increasing rate between 1960 and 2011 decreased from north to south. (2)1979 and 1993 were the change point of ET0, which divided ET0 into two periods, ET0 increased from 1960 to 1979 and then decreased from 1993 to 2011. Between 1960 and 1979, "Evaporation paradox" only existed in Han River Basin(HRB) and Bawu Valley(BWV), the periods of 1980-1993, 1994-2011 and 1960-2011 all had "Evaporation paradox" phenomenon. Both the last 18 years and the whole 52 years in autumn as well as the initial 34 years and the whole 52 years in winter had "Evaporation paradox" phenomenon, which was more obvious in winter. (3)Precipitation decreased insignificantly in the past 52 years, and the precipitation and ET0 exhibited a contrary trend, which accounted 53% in the whole year and 79% in summer, respectively. The contrary trend between precipitation and ET0 was more obvious in summer than year scale. (4)According to the effect of meteorological elements change on ET0 change, the order was sunshine hours, wind speed, maximum temperature, relative humidity, mean temperature, mean air pressure and minimum temperature. On the year scale, the significant decrease of solar radiation (sunshine hours) was the dominating factor leading to the decrease of ET0. While on the seasonal scale, the dominating factor of spring's ET0 was wind speed, the other three seasons were all solar radiation (sunshine hours).
Keywords:the northern and southern regions of the Qinling Mountains  potential evapotranspiration  evaporation paradox  air temperature  precipitation
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