青海省三江源自然保护区生态移民补偿标准

生态补偿是目前生态学研究的热点,生态补偿的关键问题是补偿标准的确定.将三江源自然保护区的生态移民作为对象,结合确定补偿标准的方法的特点,针对研究区域的实际情况以及我国生态补偿存在的主要问题,运用不同的方法提出了生态移民补偿标准的不同方案,所采用的方法分别是:牲畜机会成本法、草场机会成本法、以果洛新村和河源新村两个移民新村为例的地区发展差异法.结果表明:3种方法的侧重点各不相同,所确定的平均生态补偿标准也稍有不同,分别为1.39万元·户-1·a-1；1.03万元·户-1·a-1；1.1万元·户-1·a-1.研究为确定三江源自然保护区生态补偿的标准提供了科学依据,也为其他地区提供一定的借鉴.

Standard of payments for ecosystem services in Sanjiangyuan Natural Reserve

Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) are thought to be an effective method to solve eco-environmental problems, and it's widely adopted to promote ecological conservation all around the world. During the application of PES, Establishing the standard of compensation is crucial, because unreasonable standard may not compensate for the losses of stakeholders, which may dampen participants' enthusiasm and influence the effects of PES. Sanjiangyuan Natural Reserve, which is one of the most important natural reserves of China, plays key role to the ecological security of lower watershed in China and Southeast Asia. Before setting up this reserve, there are large numbers of herdsmen living in this area, and conservation projects in reserve, including "Return Husbandry to Grassland", "Return Grain for Green", "Ecological Migration" and so on, lead to a series of losses of local residents. So giving these migrations compensation through PES is important to the development of reserve and local social harmony. During this research, we take two migration villages of Sanjiangyuan natural reserve (GuoLuo village and HeYuan village) as example to calculate the standard of compensation. Basing on the practical situation of research area, and considering the common problems of Chinese PES projects, we adopt 3 types of approaches ("opportunity cost of livestock", "opportunity cost of pasture" and "difference of regional development"). Because the preferences of these approaches are different, the established standards of compensation have slight difference. The result of "opportunity cost of livestock" is 13.9 thousand Yuan per household per year. Livestock is the main source of herdsmen's revenue, and the ecological migration project let them lose this part. "Opportunity cost of livestock" takes livestock as proxy when calculating compensation standard, and can compensate for their direct economic losses. So this approach is strongly correlated to the benefits of herdsmen and can maximize the compensation. The result of "opportunity cost of pasture" is 10.3 thousand Yuan per household per year. Herdsmen can rent out their pasture to others to get rent, and the ecological migration project also let them lose this part of income. "Opportunity cost of pasture" takes pasture as proxy, and compensate for the losses of rent. This approach considers pasture as commodity and reflects the relationship between supply and demand, and this approach can also simplify the calculating process. But this approach doesn't consider natural heterogeneity, and all the pastures are calculated equally. The result of "difference of regional development" is 11 thousand Yuan per household per year. There is great regional economic development difference in our research area, and this actuality should not be ignored during the PES project, especially for ecological migration. "Difference of regional development" can consider this difference, but the standard is still too low, comparing to the other two approaches. And neither herdsmen' losses nor ecosystem services are related to this approach. Our results suggests that PES may provide limited benefits for the poverty reduction, but this research can still provide scientific foundation of establishing the compensation standard for Sanjiangyuan natural reserve, and case studying in other area can also borrow idea from our research.