禾草内生真菌对其它微生物的影响研究进展

禾草内生真菌在宿主植物的茎叶等地上组织中普遍存在,不仅能够提高禾草对生物与非生物逆境的抗性,而且能够对周围环境中的不同微生物类群产生影响。主要总结了禾草Neotyphodium/Epichlo内生真菌对病原真菌、丛枝菌根真菌和土壤微生物的影响及其作用机理。发现禾草内生真菌普遍存在对病原真菌的抑制作用,而对丛枝菌根真菌存在不对称的竞争作用,且因种类而异。禾草内生真菌对土壤微生物群落的作用则会随着土壤类型和时间等外界因素发生变化。禾草内生真菌对不同类群微生物的影响机制主要包括:通过生态位竞争、抑菌物质分泌、诱导抗病性等对病原真菌造成影响;通过根系化学物质释放、营养元素调节、侵染条件差异等对丛枝菌根真菌造成影响;通过根际沉积物和凋落物等对土壤微生物群落造成影响。禾草内生真菌产生的生物碱能提高宿主植物对包括昆虫在内草食动物采食的抗性,影响病原菌的侵入、定殖和扩展;根组织分泌物中包含次生代谢产物能够抑制菌根真菌、土传病原真菌及其它土壤微生物的侵染与群落组成;也可能通过次生代谢物影响禾草的其它抗性。因此,禾草内生真菌在植物-微生物系统中的作用应该给予更多的关注和深入研究。

Advances in the researches on the effects of grass endophytes on other microbes

Neotyphodium/Epichloë endophytes are widespread symbionts of grasses that asymptomatically inhabit aerial host tissues, and not only confer tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses, but also affected different kinds of microbes. This paper mainly summarized the effects of grass endophytes to pathogenic fungi, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and soil microbial community, and the related mechanisms. It was found that many species of pathogen fungi are inhibited by grass endophytes, although some studies demonstrated that grass endophytes had competitive and inhibited effects to AMF, the argument was still controversial. Especially, some researches in recent years demonstrated that the interaction between endophytes and AMF was changed based on different species of both fungi. Furthermore, the structure and function of soil microbial community were also affected by grass endophytes. The effects of endophyte infection on soil microbial community function and structure were relatively subtle and variable across time and soil type. The mechanisms of grass endophytes on pathogenic fungi mailly included: niche space competition, anti-fungal substances production and induced resistance etc.; on AMF maily included: root exudates inhibition, nutrient regulation and infection conditions etc.; on on soil microbial community mainly included: rhizodeposition and litter degradation etc. Alkaloids are important second metabolites by symbionts of endophyte and grass, they could deter herbivores, including insects, and reduce the invasion and colonization from pathogenic fungi; other secondary metabolites in root exudates from host plants can inhibit root colonization of AMF and affect the soil microbial community structure and function. Therfore, the role of grass endophytes in plant-microbe systems should be paid more attention and give priority support for researches.