澜沧江流域北部中华蜜蜂有毒蜂蜜孢粉学和营养生态位分析

为分析澜沧江流域北部人食用蜂蜜中毒的原因,于2013年6—9月份,对该区域蜜蜂和蜜源植物的分布情况进行了调查,观察蜜蜂采集有毒蜜源植物的行为,并进一步调查了蜜蜂巢内蜂蜜、蜂花粉的储存情况,采集了中华蜜蜂蜂蜜样品,进行蜂蜜孢粉学与营养生态位分析。该区域有大量采用传统方式进行人工饲养的中华蜜蜂(Apis cerana cerana),及少量野生中华蜜蜂、黑色小蜜蜂(Apis audreniformis)、黑色大蜜蜂(Apis laboriosa smith)群体分布;人工饲养的中华蜜蜂蜂巢内部结构与野生中华蜜蜂蜂巢相似,为自然蜂巢,内有充足的蜜粉储存,部分蜂群蜂巢内虫害严重。该区域内主要蜜源植物为荞麦(Fagopyrum esculentum Moench),其他零星辅助蜜源较多,部分地点南烛(Vaccinium bracteatum Thunb)、昆明山海棠(Tripterygium hypoglaucum(Levl.)Hutch)连片集中分布。对中华蜜蜂蜂蜜进行孢粉学和营养生态位分析,结果表明:中华蜜蜂蜂蜜标本中含有有毒蜜源植物南烛、昆明山海棠花粉,部分样品中南烛、昆明山海棠的花粉含所占比例较高;中华蜜蜂的营养生态位宽度为0.22,比其他地区中华蜜蜂生态位指数小,推测澜沧江水电枢纽的修建等人为原因已对蜜蜂种类、蜜源植物的物种组成、群落结构造成了较大影响。

Melissopalynology of natural toxic honey and trophic niche analysis of Apis cerana cerana in the Lancang River valley

We sought to understand the causes of honey poisoning originating from hives in the basin of the Lancang River in Lanping, Nujiang, Yunnan Province. The river valley contains many Apis cerana cerana colonies bred by the traditional method, as well as wild colonies of A. cerana cerana, Apis andreniformis, and Apis laboriosa Smith. Fagopyrum esculentum Moench is the most common nectariferous plant in the area, while localized distributions of Vaccinium bracteatum Thunb and Tripterygium hypoglaucum (Levl.) Hutch are also present. We surveyed honeybees and nectar plants from June to September,2013, observed honeybee collection behavior, and recorded the distributions of toxic plants. We further investigated honey and pollen storage in hives of A. cerana cerana, employing melissopalynology and trophic niche analysis of all colonies producing samples. The artificially bred colonies of A. cerana cerana were found to be similar in internal structure to wild colonies:hives contained plenty of honey and pollen, while parts of the hives were seriously affected by pests. Our analyses demonstrated that many honey samples contained pollen from Tripterygium hypoglaucum (Levl.) Hutch and Vaccinium bracteatum Thunb. The trophic niche breadth of A. cerana cerana is 0.22, smaller than that of other species. We speculate that construction of the Lancang River hydropower station and other human factors have influenced the structure and composition of both bee and nectariferous plant communities.