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鄱阳湖小天鹅越冬种群数量与行为学特征
引用本文:戴年华,邵明勤,蒋丽红,杜建华,蒋剑虹,曾宾宾.鄱阳湖小天鹅越冬种群数量与行为学特征[J].生态学报,2013,33(18):5768-5776.
作者姓名:戴年华  邵明勤  蒋丽红  杜建华  蒋剑虹  曾宾宾
作者单位:江西省科学院生物资源研究所, 南昌 330096;江西师范大学生命科学学院, 南昌 330022;江西省科学院生物资源研究所, 南昌 330096;南昌工学院, 南昌 330108;江西师范大学生命科学学院, 南昌 330022;江西师范大学生命科学学院, 南昌 330022
基金项目:江西省科技重大专项资助项目(20114ABG01100-1-03-4);国家自然科学基金资助项目(31260517,31060285)
摘    要:2012年10月-2013年3月,采用直接计数法对鄱阳湖小天鹅Cygnus columbianus种群数量分布进行了5次调查。结果显示,各调查点小天鹅的种群数量均不稳定,可能与食物丰富度、水位等相关。各次调查中以第2次调查观测到的小天鹅数量最多,合计10756 只;调查区域中以鄱阳县白沙洲自然保护区调查到的小天鹅数量最多。5次调查中鄱阳县的小天鹅数量均占每次调查总数的56%以上,平均2239.80 只。小天鹅在各保护区不同湖泊的数量分布存在时间差异,但分布仅局限在几个湖泊中。调查显示,小天鹅的幼体比例为29.04%(n=1150)。采用瞬时扫描法对小天鹅越冬期的行为进行了研究,其用于静止(43.12%)和取食(27.44%)行为的时间较多,用于运动(16.82%)和梳理(11.48%)行为的时间较少,用于社会行为(1.14%)的时间最少。在小天鹅的日间行为节律中,静止行为高峰出现在07:00-08:00和17:00-18:00时段,取食行为高峰出现在16:00-17:00。下午取食强度的增加与冬季夜间长和气温低有关,鸟类必须获得足够的能量以维持其夜间的能量消耗。对小天鹅成幼体行为分配进行检验,发现除社会行为差异显著(Z=-2.310,P=0.021)外,其余行为差异均不显著。但成幼体的行为节律有较大差异,主要体现在静止和取食行为上。

关 键 词:小天鹅  越冬  行为  幼体  鄱阳湖
收稿时间:5/6/2013 12:00:00 AM
修稿时间:2013/7/10 0:00:00

A preliminary investigation on the population and behavior of the Tundra Swan (Cygnus columbianus) in Poyang Lake
DAI Nianhu,SHAO Mingqin,JIANG Lihong,DU Jianhu,JIANG Jianhong and ZENG Binbin.A preliminary investigation on the population and behavior of the Tundra Swan (Cygnus columbianus) in Poyang Lake[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2013,33(18):5768-5776.
Authors:DAI Nianhu  SHAO Mingqin  JIANG Lihong  DU Jianhu  JIANG Jianhong and ZENG Binbin
Institution:Institute of Biological Resources, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330096, China;College of Life Science, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330022, China;Institute of Biological Resources, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330096, China;Nanchang Institute of Science and Technology, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330108, China;College of Life Science, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330022, China;College of Life Science, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330022, China
Abstract:The tundra swan (Cygnus columbianus) is listed in the second category of nationally protected wildlife species in China and is regarded as a vulnerable endangered species by the China Red Data Book of Aves. In China, wintering areas include the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and Taiwan among other areas. In recent years tundra swan numbers have decreased in some lakes. The distribution ranges of this species has reduced and it is now concentrated in lakes in Anhui Province and Poyang Lake in Jiangxi Province. Tundra swan inhabit Poyang Lake for approximately 150 days of the year from late October to the middle of March. The wintering ecology of tundra swans was investigated by direct count method in Poyang Lake on five occasions from October 2012 to March 2013. The Poyang Lake National Nature Reserve (PYH), Nanji Wetland National Nature Reserve (NJS), Duchang Migratory-bird Nature Reserve (DC), and the Poyang Baishazhou Nature Reserve (BSZ) were selected to conduct wintering ecology assessments including population dynamics, age structure, and behavior of tundra swans. The results show that tundra swan numbers were not stable at all of the survey sites, indicating that local movement occurs in tundra swan populations. There may be some mechanism by which this local movement is triggered, e.g. food availability or water level. The exact mechanism of local movement requires further study. The tundra swan numbers were highest in the second survey, 10, 756 swans in total. The largest population, 11,199 individuals, was observed in BSZ, accounting for > 56% of total the numbers observed during the experimental period. Temporal variation in the distribution and number of this species was observed in the different lakes of each reserve. However, the species was confined to certain lakes, indicating that only some lakes provide good habitats for this bird. Our results show that the percentage of juveniles was 29.04% (n=1150). The diurnal activity budgets and rhythm of the tundra swan were studied with the instantaneous scan sampling method from December 2012 to March 2013. The birds spent most of their time either motionless (43.12%) or feeding (27.44%), and spent the least amount of time either in motion (16.82%) or cleaning and tidying (11.48%). The motionless behavior peaked between 07:00 and 08:00 h and 17:00 and 18:00 h, whereas, feeding behavior peaked between 16:00 and 17:00 h. The increase in feeding intensity in the afternoon was related to long, cold winter nights. Birds had to acquire enough food and energy to survive through the night. Social behavior differed significantly between adults and juveniles, no differences were found for other behaviors. The diurnal activity budgets and rhythm of adults and juveniles were very different. This difference was mainly observed in their motionless and feeding behaviors. Early research indicates that the tundra swan can forage in deep water areas (about 1 meter), however, none have been observed foraging in grassland. During this investigation we observed many individuals foraging in grasslands and rice fields, which perhaps indicates a lack of food resources in Poyang Lake.
Keywords:Cygnus columbianus  overwintering  behavior  juvenile  Poyang Lake
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