河南民权湿地公园青头潜鸭越冬行为模式及性别差异

为了更深入地了解青头潜鸭的越冬行为模式及性别差异，以期为后续青头潜鸭的保护管理提供科学的理论参考，2018年11-12月采用定点观察法、扫描取样法等方法，对河南民权国家湿地公园越冬期青头潜鸭的越冬行为模式及性别差异进行了观察分析。观察期间共记录到青头潜鸭158只，超过全球种群数量1000只的10%。分析结果表明：（1）民权湿地公园，青头潜鸭越冬期行为时间分配以静息、觅食和运动三类行为为主，其次是修整和飞行两类行为；运动行为与觅食、修整、社会等行为之间呈极显著正相关，修整行为与社会行为之间呈极显著正相关，静息行为与修整、运动、社会等行为之间呈极显著负相关，飞行行为与觅食、静息、修整等行为之间呈极显著负相关；（2）静息行为具有全时段高时间分配的特征，不存在峰期和谷期；觅食行为（峰期为10：30-11：30、13：30-14：30，谷期为11：30-12：30、14：30-15：30）和飞行行为（峰期为11：30-12：30、14：30-15：30，谷期为10：30-11：30、13：30-14：30、15：30-16：30）具有明显的错峰式节律；（3）不同性别青头潜鸭越冬行为时间分配存有差异，其中静息、觅食、运动是雄性青头潜鸭主要行为类别（超过70%），雌性青头潜鸭的主要行为为运动、飞行、觅食（接近70%）；雌雄青头潜鸭在静息、修整、运动和飞行四类行为时间分配方面存在显著性差异，雄性的静息、修整行为的时间分配极显著高于雌性，而运动、飞行行为的时间分配极显著低于雌性；（4）不同性别青头潜鸭越冬行为活动节律方面，除飞行行为外，其余行为均在行为峰期与谷期节律方面存有差异。进一步分析表明：民权湿地公园青头潜鸭越冬行为模式符合行为投资与收益的能量学理论，越冬行为模式在行为时间分配和行为节律方面存在性别差异。

Overwintering behavior pattern and sex difference of Aythya baeri in Henan Minquan Wetland Park

In order to better understand the overwintering behavior patterns and sex differences of Aythya baeri and provide a scientific theoretical reference for the future protection and management of Aythya baeri and its habitat resource. From November to December 2018, we observed and analyzed the overwintering behavior patterns and gender differences of Aythya baeri in Henan Minquan National Wetland Park by methods of fixed-point observation and scanning sampling. In total of 158 Baer''s Pochards were recorded during the observation period, and more than 10% of the world population. The results showed that (1) in the Minquan Wetland Park, the overwintering behavior time allocation of Aythya baeri was mainly composed of resting, foraging and sport, followed by maintain and flying. There existed significantly positive correlation between sports behavior and foraging behavior, maintaining behavior and social behavior, and also significantly positive correlation between maintaining behavior and social behavior. While, there was significantly negative correlation between resting behavior and maintaining behavior, sports behavior, social behavior, and significant negative correlation between flight behavior and foraging behavior, resting behavior, maintaining behavior. (2) The resting behavior had the characteristics of full-time high time allocation, and there were no peak and valley periods. The foraging behavior (peak period is 10:30-11:30 and 13:30-14:30; valley period is 11:30-12:30 and 14:30-15:30) and flight behavior (peak period is 11:30-12:30 and 14:30-15:30; valley period is 10:30-11:30, 13:30-14:30, and 15:30-16:30) had obvious alternating peak rhythm. (3) It existed obvious differences about time allocation of overwintering behaviors between different genders, among which rest, foraging and sport were the main behaviors of male Aythya baeri (more than 70%), while the main behaviors of female Aythya baeri were movement, flight and foraging (nearly 70%). There were significant differences in the time allocation of rest, maintaining, sport, and flight between male and female. The time allocation of rest and maintaining of male was significantly higher than that of female, while the time allocation of sport and flight was significantly lower than that of female. (4) In wintering behavioral activities rhythm of Aythya baeri with different genders, except for flight behavior, the other behaviors were different in behavioral peak and valley rhythm. Further analysis showed that the overwintering behavior model of Aythya baeri in Minquan Wetland Park conforms to the behavioral investment and return principle from energy theory, and there were gender differences in the behavior time allocation and behavior rhythm.