基于生态足迹的大型水电工程建设生态补偿标准评价模型——以三峡工程为例

生态足迹作为重要的生态环境指标,已被广泛应用于可持续性分析中,但在生态补偿领域应用的较少。运用生态足迹思想,构建了6类大型水电工程建设的生态供给足迹与生态需求足迹模型,以此为基础,确立了大型水电工程建设的生态补偿标准评价模型;并进行了三峡工程案例研究。结果表明:(1)三峡工程建设6项正面影响的生态供给足迹为949.96×104hm2/a,换算成总经济价值为619.18×108元/a;三峡工程建设9项负面影响的生态需求足迹为188.98×104hm2/a,换算成总经济损失为123.18×108元/a。(2)发电产品、调蓄洪水和发电环境效益是三峡工程的主要正面影响,三者经济价值占总经济价值的95.06%;水库泥沙淤积和水库淹没是三峡工程的主要负面影响,两者经济损失占总经济损失的85.56%。(3)三峡工程建设的生态补偿标准为123.18×108元/a,水电开发业主、中央政府和地方政府是主要的生态补偿主体,两者承担了95.06%的生态补偿标准额度;河流生态系统和移民是主要的生态补偿对象,两者获得了91.39%的生态补偿额度。通过对比分析发现,构建的模型在三峡工程案例中得到了很好的验证。

The evaluation models of ecological compensation standard on the large-scale hydropower engineering construction based on ecological footprint: a case of Three Gorges Project

River ecosystem services imply the natural environmental conditions and their effectiveness formed and sustained by river ecosystem and its ecological processes, on which, human life relies of existence. The large-scale hydropower engineering construction (LHEC) enhanced or enriched the river ecosystem services which brought many benefits to human beings such as flood control, hydropower, improving waterway etc. While, the river ecosystem services were also declined by LHEC. There were many damages such as reservoir sedimentation, reservoir inundation etc. In the consideration of social justice, beneficiaries or the representatives of the beneficiaries (i.e. the ecological compensation subjects) from LHEC should undertake the economic loses of the impaired ones or the representatives of the impaired (i.e. the ecological compensation objects). The sum of the economic losses was the ecological compensation standard (ECS) of LHEC. The ecological footprint (EF) was defined as the biologically productive land and water a population requires to produce the resources it consumes and to absorb part of the waste generated by fossil and nuclear fuel consumption. The ecological supply footprint (ESF) was defined as the enhanced river ecological services'' supply ability caused by the project construction. The enhanced ability was converted to the total biologically productive land/water area. And the ecological demand footprint (EDF) was defined as the weakened river ecological services'' supply ability caused by the project construction. The weakened ability was converted to the total biologically productive land/water area. EF was a key ecological environment indicator that had been widely used in sustainability analyses. Thus, EF was applied rarely in the field of ecological compensation. Based on EF, six types of ESF and EDF models, which were about LHEC, were constructed. Then the evaluation models of ECS on LHEC were established. Finally the ECS of Three Gorges Project (TGP) construction was calculated. The results show that: (1) The ESF of the six positive effects (such as Three Gorges Reservoir breeding, improving waterway, hydropower production, environmental value of hydropower, tourism of Three Gorges Dam, and flooding control) on TGP construction were 949.96×10⁴ hm²/a, which was converted to 619.18×10⁸ RMB/a in total. The EDF of the nine negative effects (such as reservoir sedimentation, occupation on river ecosystem, reservoir inundation, construction of resettlement area, impact on the rare and endangered species, impact on water quality in reservoir area and upper reaches of the Yangtze River, greenhouse gas emission of energy consumption, sewage discharge, and greenhouse gas emission of producing main building materials) on TGP construction were188.98×10⁴ hm²/a, which was converted to123.18×10⁸ RMB/a in total. (2) Hydropower product, flood control and environmental benefits of hydropower were the main positive effects of TGP construction, which occupied 95.06% of the total values. The reservoir sedimentation and reservoir inundation were the main negative effects, which occupied 85.56% of the total losses. (3) The ECS of TGP construction was 123.18×10⁸ RMB/a. The hydropower development owner and central-local government were the main ecological compensation subjects and undertook 95.06% of ECS. The river ecosystem and resettlements were the main ecological compensation objects and obtained 91.39% of ECS. Through the comparative analysis, the models were proved successfully in TGP.