北京市生态用地规划与管理对策

不合理土地开发加速了对自然生态系统的干扰和侵占,导致生态系统服务功能下降,危机区域生态安全,开展生态用地规划是构建区域生态安全格局的基础。合理规划和管理不同土地利用类型的数量和空间分布对区域可持续发展具有重要意义。目前我国广泛应用的土地利用分类体系主要以土地的社会经济属性为基础,忽视其生态属性,导致以提供生态系统服务为主、保障生态安全的土地缺乏保护机制,具有重要生态功能的土地得不到有效保护。以北京市为例,建立了北京市生态用地分类与规划的思路与程序,在明确北京市生态安全与生态系统服务功能的关系基础上分析了北京市生态系统服务功能重要性及其空间格局,并进行了北京市生态用地规划。研究规划了保障北京市生态安全的7类生态用地:地表水涵养与保护用地、地下水保护用地、生物多样性保护用地、水土保持用地、河流防护用地、公路防护用地和城市绿地,总面积5137.37km2,占北京市域面积的31.31%。最后从生态用地识别和划分、将生态用地融入土地利用分类体系、生态用地管理措施和对策3个方面探讨了生态用地规划和管理的方法与措施。研究结果为北京市土地利用规划和有效管理提供依据,也为其它地区的生态用地规划提供参考。

Ecological land use planning and management in Beijing

Along with rapid social and economic development, irrational land development accelerated the disturbance and encroachment on natural and semi-natural ecosystems, which decreases ecosystem service and impairs regional ecological security. Land is the basis for both socio-economic development and ecosystem service provision. The function (e.g. economic function or ecological function) of a land unit is usually determined by land use. Therefore, it is of great importance to plan and manage the amount and spatial distribution of different land use types properly. At present, the widely used land use classification system in China is the Current Land Use Classification for National Standard (CLUCNS) issued in 2007. This classification system is mainly designed based on the social and economic attributes of the land, and mainly for promoting social and economic development. However, the ecological function of the land is neglected, which may further degrade the ecosystem service and hinder the regional ecological sustainability. It is urgent to recognize the ecosystem service provision function of land and integrate it into CLUCNS. Though much effort has been devoted in identifying the ecological land use (ELU) and designing integrated land use classifications that integrates social, economic and ecological attributes and functions of the land, further studies are needed to clarify the concept, planning, and management of ecological land use. Taking Beijing as an example, we firstly designed the procedure of ELU classification and planning, and then analyzed the ecosystem services needed to guarantee the ecological security of Beijing. The importance of each ecosystem service provision function was evaluated and classified into four grades, based on which we planned the ELU in Beijing for both amount and spatial distribution. Seven ELU types were planned, including surface water conservation land, ground water conservation land, biodiversity conservation land, water and soil retention land, river protection land, road protection land, and urban greenspace. These land uses cover an area of 5137.37 km², accounting for 31.31% of the total area. We also discussed the planning method and management measure of ELU from three aspects: 1) the identification and classification of ELU, 2) the integration of ELU into CLUCNS, and 3) the management of ELU. Results of this study can help the government better plan and manage land use in Beijing. In addition, the designed method and procedure of ELU planning and management can be applied to direct ELU planning and management in other areas.