生态建设的理论分析

20世纪80年代以来，生态恢复逐渐成为生态学和环境科学研究的热点领域。总结了近年来有关生态恢复的众多研究成果，认为生态建设是人类理性行为参与下积极的生态恢复与重建过程，它具有复杂性、针对性、动态性和不确定性特征，受地理环境地域分异的影响，其类型多种多样。从方案运筹的角度，提出了生态建设的共性原则，包括面向区域的问题导向原则、目标的科学性原则、参与的广泛性原则和科学监测与评价原则。生态建设是一个不断试验、学习和优化的过程。具体包括问题识别、方案设计、决策、实施、监测与评价以及方案调整等重要环节。公众参与对于生态建设是一种很好的知识、信息和资源输入渠道，对活化生态建设的管理运行机制，提高生态建设决策的科学性和有效性能够发挥重要作用。以这些理论分析为依据，对中国生态建设中存在的主要问题展开深入剖析，并提出建立科学评价机制是提高生态建设有效性的核心方略。

Ecological rehabilitation: a theoretical analysis

Ecological restoration has become a hot topic in ecological and environmental studies since the 1980s. This paper reviews the literature published in recent years and considers the concept of ecological rehabilitation/reclamation through positive kinds of ecological restoration processes by the intervention of rational human activities. It has characteristics of complexity, pertinence, dynamics, and uncertainty. There are various categories of ecological rehabilitation/reclamation due to the differentiation of the geographic environment. From an operational perspective, the general principles of ecological rehabilitation/ reclamation are put forward, including a regional ecological problem oriented project formulation, setting scientifically sound project objectives, active stakeholder participation, as well as scientific monitoring and evaluation. Ecological rehabilitation/ reclamation is a process involving continuous experimentation, learning, and optimization. Several important steps constitute this process including problem identification, project design, executable project selection, implementation, monitoring and evaluation, and adaptive management. As a passage for the input of knowledge, information and resources, public participation contributes to ecological rehabilitation/reclamation in fostering flexible management and operational mechanisms, and promoting effective decision making. In eontrast to the perspectives above, there are many problems of ecological rehabilitatlon/reclamation in China at pre~nt. Among them, the most critical ones are an insufficient decision analysis before project implementation and a lack of objective and systematic post-implementation evaluation on project effectiveness. Therefore, the establishment of scientific evaluation mechanisms, both pre and post implementation, is one of the core strategies in improving the effectiveness of ecological rehabilitation/reclamation projects in China.