三种温带森林大型土壤动物群落结构的时空动态

对帽儿山3种典型森林群落大型土壤动物进行了连续6个月的野外调查研究。通过系统分析,共获得大型土壤动物3604只,隶属于3门6纲17目50科。其中正蚓科(Lumbricidae)、线蚓科(Enchytraeidae)和石蜈蚣目(Lithobiomorpha)为优势类群,常见类群11类。结果表明:(1)水平分布上,密度和生物量红松人工林最高,其次为硬阔叶林,蒙古栎林最少;类群数硬阔叶林最多,蒙古栎林最少;香农指数和丰富度指数均为蒙古栎林最高,红松人工林最低;优势度指数与两者相反;均匀度指数蒙古栎林最高,硬阔叶林最低;(2)垂直分布上,个体密度、类群数及生物量均差异显著(P < 0.001)。3个样地大型土壤动物个体密度表聚性明显;类群数红松人工林自凋落物层向下减少,硬阔叶林和蒙古栎林0-10 cm最多;生物量在0-10 cm土层最大;香农指数随深度增加而减小,优势度指数则相反;(3)在时间变化上,5月和10月个体密度和类群数较多,9月生物量最大;香农指数和优势度指数差异显著(P < 0.01),其他指数各月间无明显差异;(4)与土壤环境因子关系上,总有机碳含量与类群数、个体密度及生物量显著正相关,容重与香农指数显著负相关;典型对应分析结果表明,不同类群大型土壤动物与环境相关性不同。

Spatial and temporal variation of soil macro-fauna community structure in three temperate forests

Soil macro-faunas are important decomposers in ecosystem and play a significant role in nutrient cycling and energy flow. In Maoer Mountain, the soil macro-faunas were investigated in three typical forest types (Korean pine plantation forest, Hard-wood forest and Mongolian oak forest). Our object was to explore the community structure, spatial and temporal dynamic of soil macro-fauna, and its impact factors in temperate forest. Soil samples were collected from the litter layer and the soil layers at depth of 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm. Sampling was carried out continuously from May to October in 2012. A total of 3604 individuals, belonging to 3 Phyla, 6 Classes, 17 Orders and 50 families were extracted and identified. Among them, the Lumbricidae, Enchytraeidae and Lithobiomorpha were the dominant communities. The results showed that: (1)for horizontal distribution, the decreasing order of individual density and biomass was Korean pine plantation, Hard-wood forest and Mongolian oak. The group number of soil macro-faunas was the largest in Hard-wood forest, and the least in Mongolian oak forest. The Shannon and richness indices of soil macro-faunas were the highest in Mongolian oak forest and the lowest in Korean pine plantation forest, but the trend in the dominance index was opposite. The evenness index was the largest in Mongolian oak forest and the least in Hard-wood forest; (2) for vertical distribution, the individual density, group number, biomass and diversity of soil macro-fauna were significantly affected by the soil layer (P < 0.001). The individual density distribution appeared significant surface-aggregation, and the maximum biomass of soil macro-fauna was found at depth of 0-10 cm. The group number showed a decrease trend with the increasing layer in Korean pine plantation forest and that of highest value in both Hard-wood forest and Mongolian oak forest occurred at 0-10 cm depth, not the litter layer. The Shannon index decreased with the increasing soil depth, while the dominance index appeared the opposite trend; (3) the Shannon and dominance index of soil macro-fauna were significantly different among different months(P < 0.01). Individual density and group number were higher in May and September than other months, and biomass of soil macro-fauna was the largest in September; (4) the correlation analysis showed that the individual density, group number and biomass of the soil macro-fauna were positively correlated with total organic carbon (P < 0.05), there was the significantly negative correlation between the Shannon index and soil bulk density (P < 0.01). It can be conclude that there was obviously spatial and temporal heterogeneity in soil macro-fauna community structure and the total organic carbon was one of the important impact factors.