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生态学中的尺度及尺度转换方法
引用本文:吕一河,傅伯杰.生态学中的尺度及尺度转换方法[J].生态学报,2001,21(12):2096-2105.
作者姓名:吕一河  傅伯杰
作者单位:中国科学院生态环境研究中心系统生态开放研究室,
基金项目:国家重点基础研究发展规划(973项目,G2000046807)和中国科学院知识创新工程项目(中国陆地生态系统评价研究)(KZCX2-405)资助项目.
摘    要:尺度作为生态学的重要范式,已经引起了广泛重视,但对尺度问题的研究还不够成熟.尺度具有多维性特点,即功能尺度、空间尺度、时间尺度等,但生态学研究的重点是空间和时间尺度.并且时空尺度还具有复杂性、变异性特征.尺度研究的根本目的在于通过适宜的空间和时间尺度来揭示和把握复杂的生态学规律.为此,科学有效的尺度选择和尺度转换方法不可或缺.常见的尺度转换方法有图示法、回归分析、变异函数、自相关分析、谱分析、分形和小波变换,同时遥感和地理信息系统技术在尺度研究中也发挥着重要作用.结合实例对上述方法进行了分析和论述,认为各种方法都有其内在的优势和不足,新方法的引入和应用对于尺度转换方法体系的充实和完善非常重要.有关尺度的研究将进一步加强,研究的重点是尺度变异性、不同尺度间的相互作用机制以及尺度转换方法等.

关 键 词:生态学  尺度  尺度转换
文章编号:1000-0933(2001)12-2096-10
收稿时间:2000/12/25 0:00:00
修稿时间:2000年12月25

Ecological scale and scaling
LYi-He.Ecological scale and scaling[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2001,21(12):2096-2105.
Authors:LYi-He
Institution:Department of Systems Ecology; Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing; China
Abstract:Scale, as an important paradigm in ecology, has aroused wide attention. But the study of ecological scale, which is far behind maturity, will be enhanced. The variously defined ecological scale is multi-dimensional. So there are spatial, temporal and functional scales, etc. Functional scale and spatial-temporal scales are different and closely related. In general, functional scale does not have a precisely defined physical dimension. We can find the spatial-temporal scales of the specific organization within some ecological hierarchy. Ecological scale is different from the scale in cartology. The issues concerning ecological scale are very complex and variant. The very purpose of scale related research in ecology is to find the underlying mechanisms of the ecological world by the use of the appropriately selected spatial-temporal scales. Therefore, the selection of suitable research scales and the methods of scaling is very important. The establishment of the right scales is the basis and origin, because it has direct effects on the experimental design and data collection. Different research scales can result in different interpretation and understanding of the ecological regimes. In this respect, ecologists generally think much of it. In a theoretical sense the best should be achieved using a hierarchy of scales having the capacity to correlate abiotic, biotic and human processes. Often the scales are chosen according to perceptual capabilities or by technological or logistical constraints. The status of research projects and the features and complexity of the ecological entities being observed are the main factors influencing scale selection. The ecological entities and processes are subject to the constraints from the ecological scales related. There are constraints and thresholds on each scale. The results of scaling are difficult to understand according to the classical hierarchy theory. There are exchanges of material, energy and information among various scales. Scaling, including scaling-up and scaling-down, can be carried through by the control of grain and extent. Mathematical models and computer simulation techniques are often used in the process of scaling because of the complexity of ecological systems. There are often chaos and other nonlinear behaviors in the transition zone of scale dominions. Several methods and mathematical models are often used in scaling. They are graphics, regression analysis, variogram, autocorrelation analysis, spectral analysis, fractal analysis and wavelet transformation. The techniques of geographical information system (GIS) and remote sensing (RS) are very helpful in the process of scaling. The hotspots of research will be the variability and interaction of ecological scales and methods of scaling. The principles and applications of ecological scale will be improved through the deepening and advancing of the understanding and skills.
Keywords:ecology  scale  scaling
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