生物多样性监测指标体系构建研究进展

生物多样性监测是为确定与预期标准相一致或相背离的程度，而对生物多样性进行定期或不定期的监视，目前已成为生物多样性研究和保护的热点问题。生物多样性监测指标则是一些简化的生物或环境特征参数，说明生物多样性现状和变化趋势，以及人类活动压力对生物多样性的影响，以促进科学界、政府和公众间的沟通，提高生物多样性管理水平。近10年来，国际组织、政府机构和各国学者对生物多样性指标体系的构建进行了大量的探索工作，取得了很多进展，其中有些指标已经应用于实际监测项目。本文综述了生物多样性监测指标筛选的一般标准和指标体系构建的主要理论，梳理目前已提出或应用的主要生物多样性监测指标，以期为我国构建国家或区域尺度生物多样性监测指标体系提供参考。在此基础上分析提出：生物多样性概念的泛化、指标含义模糊以及知识和数据的缺乏是构建生物多样性监测指标的主要困难。我国未来的生物多样性监测指标体系构建需要关注以下两个方面：（1）紧密联系实际，构建适应性的监测指标体系，加强对典型生态系统区域的监测；（2）发展经济社会发展方面的指标，分析生物多样性变化的驱动力，为生物多样性保护和区域可持续发展提供科学依据。

Review of indicators system developing for biodiversity monitoring

Biodiversity monitoring is a periodic or aperiodic surveillance of biodiversity to determine to what extent it is coherent or deviated from expected standards. Biodiversity monitoring has become to be the focus of biodiversity research and conservation in recent years. Biodiversity indicators are biotic or environmental attributes whose measurement signals the status and trends of biodiversity and the effects on biodiversity of pressures caused by human activities, which can facilitate communication among academy, government and people and consequently enhance biodiversity management. In the last decade, international organizations, governments and scientists have taken great effort to develop biodiversity indicators system for global, national and regional biodiversity monitoring, and some indicators have been adopted by biodiversity monitoring projects. This paper reviewed general principles for indicator selecting and main theories and models for monitoring system construction and several kinds of indicators which have been advanced by previous authors or applied in biodiversity monitoring projects. This may afford references for our country to develop biodiversity indicators system at regional or national scales. Although considerable progress is being made at in agreeing a set of indicators, problems remain. In essence the problems fall into three kinds: (1) Lack of clarity about what is meant by biodiversity and therefore on how best to measure it. The term biodiversity has become so wide in use that all available indices can seem to have drawbacks, (2) Illegibility of the meaning of biodiversity indicators which embarrasses its applicability and (3) Gaps in knowledge and data. In conclusion, we propose that the most urgent matters must be taken into consideration in developing indicators in our country is to: (1) construct adaptive indicators system according to actual conditions to reinforce monitoring of representative ecosystems and areas, (2) develop indicators in relation to social-economic attributes to provide scientific foundation for biodiversity conservation and regional sustainable development.