京津冀城市群城市化与生态环境时空分异及协同发展格局

京津冀城市群在快速城市化进程中,"高耗能、高污染、高排放"的粗放型经济发展模式引发了一系列诸如雾霾、水质污染及生态体系破坏等问题。选取2000—2015年京津冀城市群13个地级以上城市作为研究对象,采用系统指数评估模型评价城市化与生态环境系统及其子系统指数值,运用耦合协调度模型及其分类原则判定两者协同发展格局。结果表明:(1)北京、天津、唐山、石家庄、廊坊城市化发展较强,邯郸、秦皇岛、衡水、沧州居中,邢台、保定、张家口、承德较弱;北京、保定、张家口、承德和秦皇岛生态环境保护较好,天津、石家庄、廊坊、邯郸、沧州居中,邢台、衡水、唐山较弱。(2)2000—2007年为城市化缓慢发展阶段,2008—2015年为稳步提升阶段;2000—2010年为生态保护攻坚期,2011—2015年为生态文明建设期,环保投入剧增。(3)高城市化区的空间格局保持不变,偏高城市化区和中城市化区空间格局相对稳定,低城市化区基本不存在;优生态环境区、偏优生态环境区和中生态环境区空间格局相对稳定,劣生态环境保护区不存在。(4)京津冀城市群城市化与生态环境系统耦合协调度上升趋势显著,但是濒临失调和中度协调占主导类型,具有较大上升空间;协同发展类型整体上逐渐由城市化滞后演变为生态环境滞后,生态环境质量需要进一步提高。由此,需要以生态环境保护为抓手,坚持产业转型升级和"高科技+"的自主优化思想,打造集聚区域特色的"美丽中国"绿色城市化样板区;加大地区生态环境保护的投入和宣传,以"生态+"思想融入经济社会发展,培育区域性绿色小城镇;建立多样化生态保护园区、现代化旅游和康养基地、科技化教育培训机构,促进区域内外多维多向联动发展;保有生态环境危机意识,积极创建保障措施,杜绝重大生态破坏、环境污染等事件。

Spatiotemporal differentiation and coordinated development pattern of urbanization and the ecological environment of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration

In the rapid urbanization process of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration, the extensive economic development model of "high energy consumption, high pollution, and high emissions" has caused a series of problems such as smog water pollution, and ecological system destruction. Thirteen cities in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration from 2000 to 2015 were selected as the research objects. The system index evaluation model was used to evaluate the index values of urbanization and the ecological environment system and subsystems. The coupling coordination model and its classification principle were used to determine the coordinated development pattern. The results showed that coordinated development pattern was relatively strong in Beijing, Tianjin, Tangshan, Shijiazhuang, and Langfang; relatively moderate in Handan, Qinhuangdao, Hengshui, and Cangzhou; and relatively weak in Xingtai, Baoding, Zhangjiakou, and Chengde. Beijing, Baoding, Zhangjiakou, Chengde, and Qinhuangdao were better in terms of ecological environment protection, Tianjin, Shijiazhuang, Langfang, Handan, and Cangzhou were in the middle, and Xingtai, Hengshui, and Tangshan were weaker. The relatively slow urbanization development stage occurred from 2000 to 2007, before steadily increasing from 2008 to 2015. The difficult period of ecological protection consciousness was from 2000 to 2010, the period of greatest ecological civilization construction was from 2011 to 2015, a period in which investment in environmental protection increased sharply. The spatial pattern of the high urbanization area remained unchanged, the spatial pattern of slightly high and middle urbanization area was relatively stable, and the spatial pattern indicated that low urbanization areas were virtually non-existent. The spatial pattern of areas with superior, slightly superior, and a medium level of ecological environment protection was relatively stable, while no areas exhibited inferior ecological environment protection. The coupling and coordination degree of urbanization and the ecological environment system had a significant upward trend in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration, but imbalance and moderate coordination were the dominant type and increased significantly. Overall, the types of synergistic development gradually changed from urbanization lag to ecological environment lag, indicating that the quality of the ecological environment needs to be improved further. Therefore, it is necessary to put ecological environment protection as a key pillar of urbanization, to adhere to the idea of industrial transformation, upgrading, and the self-optimization of "high-tech +", and build a "beautiful China" green urbanization model area with regional characteristics. It is also crucial to increase investment and publicity related to regional ecological environment protection, integrate the "ecological +" concept into economic and social development, and cultivate green small towns on a regional level. Diversified ecological protection parks, modern tourism facilities, and scientific and technological education and training institutions must be developed, and multi-dimensional and multi-directional linkage development should be promoted both within and outside of the region. The awareness of the ecological environment crisis must be maintained, safeguard measures created, and significant efforts made to put an end to major ecological damage, environmental pollution, and other harmful incidents.