污染湖泊生态系统服务净价值评估——以滇池为例

水污染是我国湖泊生态系统面临的主要环境问题,评估污染条件下湖泊生态系统服务价值对认识和恢复污染湖泊生态功能具有重要意义。针对当前湖泊生态系统服务价值评估方法中未体现水污染负面影响的问题,在传统生态系统服务功能价值评估框架的基础上,将水污染造成的经济损失内化到生态系统服务功能价值中,提出了针对污染湖泊的生态系统服务功能价值评估方法。应用该方法核算了滇池生态系统服务净价值。结果表明:2006—2015年滇池年均生态系统服务功能价值为386.55亿元/a,水污染改变了滇池的价值结构,供水价值丧失,气候调节、旅游和蓄水等成为滇池生态系统服务功能价值的主体;滇池水污染对流域内外经济社会发展造成的损失达到15.23亿元/a,主要经济损失体现在生态补水费用和蓝藻去除费用;综合湖泊生态系统服务的正向价值和水污染的负向损失,滇池的净生态系统服务价值为371.33亿元/a,占流域GDP的11.7%。将水污染损失纳入湖泊生态系统服务功能价值评估中增强了评价结果的合理性,能够更加真实地反映湖泊生态系统对人类经济社会发展的综合影响。

Evaluating net ecosystem services value of a polluted lake: A case study of Lake Dianchi

Water pollution is a key threat for lake ecosystems in China, and estimating ecosystem services value from the perspective of water pollution is of great significance to understand and restore ecosystem functions of a lake. Since the economic loss due to water pollution is ignored in the current evaluation of ecosystem services value, a new model for estimating the ecosystem services value of a polluted lake is established by incorporating the economic losses from water pollution to improve the conventional methodology. This model was applied to Lake Dianchi to obtain its net ecosystem services value. The results showed that the average ecosystem services value of Lake Dianchi reached 38.655 billion Yuan per year during the period of 2006-2015. Water pollution has altered the structure of ecological value of Lake Dianchi. The water supply service value of the lake dropped to zero, while the atmospheric adjustment, tourism, and water storage emerged as the major contributors. The economic losses caused by water pollution amounted to 1.523 billion Yuan per year, mainly from the costs of ecological water supply and algae removal in the lake. Taking into account both ecosystem services value and economic losses in the lake, the net ecosystem services value was 37.133 billion Yuan per year, accounting for 11.7% of the total local GDP. The rationality of the evaluation results was enhanced by incorporating the water pollution losses into the evaluation of ecosystem services of lake, making this ecosystem services value estimation model more authentic than the conventional methodology to reflect the comprehensive influence of human disturbance on the lake ecosystem.